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Knowledge is limited because complications and outcomes are poorly defined. The expected increase in catheter treatment of refractory ascites necessitates comparative studies, using validated patient-related outcomes, and the reporting of unambiguous complications. A proposal of variables to include in future studies is presented.

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A B S T R A C TWe have obtained U-and R-band observations of the depletion of background galaxies resulting from the gravitational lensing of the galaxy cluster CL002411654 z 0X39X The radial depletion curves show a significant depletion in both bands within a radius of 40± 70 arcsec from the cluster centre. This is the first time that depletion is detected in the U band. This gives independent evidence for a break in the slope of the U-band luminosity function at faint magnitudes. The radially averaged R-band depletion curve is broader and deeper than in the U band. The differences can be attributed to the wavelength dependence of the slope of the luminosity function and to the different redshift distribution of the objects probed in the two bands. We estimate the Einstein radius, r E , of a singular isothermal sphere lens model using maximum-likelihood analysis. Adopting a slope of the number counts of a 0X2 and using the background density found beyond r 150 arcsecY we find r E 17^3 and 25^3 arcsec in the U and R bands, respectively. When combined with the redshift of the single background galaxy at z 1X675 seen as four giant arcs around 30 arcsec from the cluster centre, these values indicate a median redshift in the range kz S l < 0X7 to 1.1 for the U AB $ 24 mag and R AB $ 24 mag populations.

In the context of images used for astronomy education and outreach purposes, this paper describes a set of parameters that are key in determining the aesthetic appeal, or beauty -and therefore effectiveness-of an astronomical image.