The role of monetary policy has become increasingly important in recent years, as a range of economic challenges have emerged, affecting both developing and economically advanced countries. The aim of this article is to examine the shift in the monetary policy of the EU, which has been expressed through changes in the tools used by the European Central Bank (ECB), and to consider the causes and economic implications of this shift. The descriptive analytical method was used to achieve this goal. The study identified that the aim of the ECB’s interest rate increases was primarily to slow down core inflation rates. The ECB has raised the refinancing rate from 0.5% to 2.5% in 2022 and halted asset purchase programs, such as the Pandemic Emergency Purchase Programme, which had previously stimulated liquidity growth. Despite these changes, forward guidance has been maintained as a useful tool for providing clarity and certainty to financial markets and the public about the future path of monetary policy. It is concluded in the study that the impact of the shift towards contractionary monetary policy is likely to be felt across a range of economic sectors, with higher borrowing costs potentially leading to reduced investment and lower levels of economic growth.

The study of resilience of the industrial sector to shock influences is especially urgent taking into account the constant instability of the economic and political environment in Ukraine and in the world. The aim of the paper is to determine the resilience level of Ukrainian industry to shock influences for improving state support programs for industrial production and decreasing negative results of shock influences on economy of the country. Thus, the object of the study is Ukrainian industry. Methods of comparative analysis have been used in the paper. Based on parameters of economic safety, there have been determined main indicators that allow to estimate the resilience level of industry to external and internal shocks. These indicators include estimation of the condition of industry of the country, namely: its ability to keep balance and to renew itself after shocks, general parameters of economic effectiveness such as labor productivity, labor intensity, profitability of operational activity, indices of the level of technological support of industry. Resilience to shocks of the external sector is presented by the analysis of indicators of export-import operations. For objectivity of the conducted analysis, indicators of Ukrainian industry have been compared with European countries. According to the results of the conducted analysis, the conclusion has been made about the unstable condition of Ukrainian industry, because eleven of thirteen analyzed indicators are beyond threshold values, and only two ones: labor intensity of industrial production and a share of manufacturing industry in GDP are lower or within a threshold value. For providing the growth of industrial production in separate regions of Ukraine, there it has been offered to create a base productions in industry. The following base productions have been determined in Ukrainian industry: production of engines of different types, semiconductors and microelectronics, constructor materials, diverse products of inter-branch destination.

РОЗДІЛ І. Економічна теорія та історія економічної думки. 2, 201613 ХVІІ в. в экономической истории Европы является границей между двумья экономическими системами организации производства -феодальной и рыночной, между двумья всемирно-историческими веками -Средневековьем и Новым временем. ХVІІ в. положил начало утверждению индустриальной цивилизации.Ключевые слова: феодальная эксплуатация, товарное производство, рыночные отношения.Strishenets Оlena, Strishenets Mykola. Оn Location XVII Century in Economic History of Еurope. In the article the place XVII century economic history of Europe. Analyzes the work of scientists who have studied the issue, showing the extent of its coverage.The approach to solving the neglected issues. It provides an opportunity to study the economic history of Europe with its own characteristics, specific phenomena and processes. It is established that in the XVII century in the lands east of the Elbe river behind the economic development of Western countries. The main reason -the great feudal strengthening industrial -agricultural estates, which were based on non-economic coercion and brutal feudal exploitation. The new economic system of production called «second edition of serfdom». Eastern Europe is food and raw materials appendage to the developed Western European countries.XVII century economic history of Europe is the boundary between two economic systems of production -feudal and market, between the two world -historical landmarks -the Middle Ages and new time. XVII century initiated the establishment industrыalnoyi civilization.Key words: feudal exploitation, commodity production, market forms.УДК 330.341.1 Лариса Лебедева 1 -доцент Київського національного торго-вельно-економічного університету Еволюція теорій постіндустріального суспільстваУ статті досліджено основні теорії майбутнього розвитку: постіндустріального та інформаційного суспільства, суспільства постмодерну, теорії суспільства ризику, теорії мережевого суспільства й теорії суспільства знання. Систематизовано основні ознаки майбутнього суспільства, виходячи з аналізу цих теорій. Проведено оцінку успіху розбудови економіки знань за країнами світу та в Україні.Ключові слова: постіндустріальне суспільство, економіка знань, інформаційне суспільство.