Retinal neuroaxonal thinning occurs in MCI/AD consistently with previous reports, as well as in FTD. Correlation with disease severity in AD suggests that retinal and brain neurodegeneration may occur in parallel to some extent, and prompts larger studies aimed at providing surrogate endpoints for clinical trials in AD.

In this clinical setting, FDG PET SPM t-maps and the p-tau/Aβ42 ratio improved clinical diagnostic accuracy, supporting the importance of these biomarkers in the emerging diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer's disease dementia. FDG PET using SPM t-maps had the highest predictive value by identifying hypometabolic patterns in different neurodegenerative dementias and normal brain metabolism in MCI, confirming its additional crucial exclusionary role.

Severe persistent asthma causes a substantial morbidity and mortality burden and is frequently not well controlled, despite intensive guideline-based therapy. The unique monoclonal antibody approved for patients with severe allergic asthma is omalizumab: a recombinant humanised murine against IgE antibodies. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of long-term anti-IgE on the thickening of the reticular basement membrane (RBM) and eosinophil infiltration in bronchial biopsies from patients with severe persistent allergic asthma. Biopsies were obtained from 11 patients with severe persistent allergic asthma before and after (12 months) treatment with omalizumab. RBM thickness and eosinophils were measured by using light microscope image analysis. A significant mean reduction in RBM thickness and eosinophil infiltration were measured after one-year omalizumab treatment. No correlation between eosinophil reduction and RBM thickness reduction was found. No correlation between each of the previous two parameters and clinical parameters was detected. In conclusion, our study showed that a substantial proportion of severe asthmatics reduced the original bronchial RBM thickness and eosinophil infiltration after one-year treatment with anti-IgE, thus emphasizing the possible role of omalizumab in affecting airway remodeling in severe persistent allergic asthma.

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease. Reticular basement membrane (RBM) thickening is considered feature of airway remodelling (AR) particularly in severe asthma (SA). Omalizumab, mAb to IgE is effective in SA and can modulate AR. Herein we describe protein profiles of bronchial biopsies to detect biomarkers of anti-IgE effects on AR and to explain potential mechanisms/pathways. We defined the bronchial biopsy protein profiles, before and after treatment. Unsupervised clustering of baseline proteomes resulted in very good agreement with the morphometric analysis of AR. Protein profiles of omalizumab responders (ORs) were significantly different from those of non-omalizumab responders (NORs). The major differences between ORs and NORs lied to smooth muscle and extra cellular matrix proteins. Notably, an IgE-binding protein (galectin-3) was reliable, stable and predictive biomarker of AR modulation. Omalizumab down-regulated bronchial smooth muscle proteins in SA. These findings suggest that omalizumab may exert disease-modifying effects on remodelling components.