This research explores the existing definitions, concepts and applications surrounding the efficient implementation and use of digital twins (DTs) within civil infrastructure systems (CISs). The CISs within the scope of this research are as follows: transportation, energy, telecommunications, water and waste, as well as Smart Cities, which encompasses all of the previous. The research methodology consists of a review of current literature, a series of semi-structured interviews and a detailed survey. The outcome of this work is a refined definition of DTs within CISs, in addition to a set of recommendations for both future academic research and industry best practice.

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Abstract-The immensely popular video game Pac-Man has challenged players for nearly 30 years, with the very best human competitors striking a highly honed balance between the games two key factors; the 'chomping' of pills (or pac-dots) throughout the level whilst avoiding the ghosts that haunt the maze trying to capture the titular hero. We believe that in order to achieve this it is important for an agent to plan-ahead in creating paths in the maze while utilising a reactive control to escape the clutches of the ghosts. In this paper we evaluate the effectiveness of such a look-ahead against greedy and random behaviours. Results indicate that a competent agent, on par with novice human players can be constructed using a simple framework.