The use of TDF-FTC before and after sexual activity provided protection against HIV-1 infection in men who have sex with men. The treatment was associated with increased rates of gastrointestinal and renal adverse events. (Funded by the National Agency of Research on AIDS and Viral Hepatitis [ANRS] and others; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01473472.).

Our results point to a duration-related effect relationship between PI and MI, with a higher MI incidence rate among men exposed to PI for 18 months or more.

ANRS (France Recherche Nord and Sud Sida-HIV Hépatites), the Canadian HIV Trials Network, Fonds Pierre Bergé-Sidaction, Gilead Sciences, and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

IntroductionA progressive reduction in CD4 ϩ T-helper lymphocytes is the main feature of HIV infection and leads to a depression in adaptive immunity. 1 Innate immunity is also important in the host response to HIV infection and can be impaired during the course of this infection. Dendritic cells (DCs) can promote HIV transmission, [2][3][4][5] and DC function 6 and number 7 decline with HIV infection. The effector functions of monocytes and macrophages, including phagocytosis and intracellular oxidative responses, can be found decreased in HIV-infected subjects 8,9 and in cultured cells in the presence of HIV. [10][11][12][13] Superoxide production by neutrophils 14 as well as natural killer cell function as measured by the lymphokineactivated killer activity and responsiveness to interferon-␣ (IFN-␣) 15,16 have been shown to be defective in HIV-infected subjects.An important part of the innate defense against virus is the production of the type I IFNs, IFN-␣, and IFN-␤. 17 IFN-␣/␤ not only directly inhibit HIV replication, 18-20 but also have important adjuvant effects on a variety of immune cell types, such as monocytes, natural killer cells, 21 and T cells. [22][23][24][25][26] The in vitro type I IFN production by total peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was shown to be impaired during the course of HIV infection, and this impairment was associated with the occurrence of opportunistic infections. 27,28 CD4 ϩ CD11c Ϫ lineage marker Ϫ type 2 DC precursors (pre-DC2) were recently shown to be the natural IFN-␣/␤-producing cells in human blood. 29,30 IPCs produce up to 1000 times more IFN-␣ than any other blood cell type in response to viral stimulation. 29 Whether this impairment of IFN-␣/␤ production in HIV-infected individuals is due to a functional defect or to a reduction in number of IPCs is not known.In this study, we show that blood IPCs are severely decreased in AIDS patients but increased in asymptomatic long-term survivors (LTSs). The drop in IPC number and a decrease in their induced IFN production are associated with the presence of opportunistic infections and active Kaposi sarcoma. Our findings bring a new insight into the physiopathology of HIV infection and identify the IPC count as a new parameter to monitor the status of the immune system of HIV-infected subjects. Patients, materials, and methods HIV-infected subjectsFifty-four HIV-infected subjects were recruited from 3 centers: the University of California at San Francisco (UCSF), the San Francisco General Hospital, and the Hospices Civils de Lyon, France. This study was approved by the Committee for Human Research, UCSF. Subjects were enrolled consecutively, and the only inclusion criterion was a confirmed HIVpositive serology and a written informed consent. The following conditions, which can nonspecifically affect blood cell counts, were used as exclusion criteria: previous cytotoxic chemotherapy, splenectomy, hypersplenism, and blood transfusion within the past 4 weeks. After inclusion, a full medical history was taken and physic...