Titanosauriformes is a conspicuous and diverse group of sauropod dinosaurs that inhabited almost all land masses during Cretaceous times. Besides the diversity of forms, the clade comprises one of the largest land animals found so far, Argentinosaurus, as well as some of the smallest sauropods known to date, Europasaurus and Magyarosaurus. They are therefore good candidates for studies on body size trends such as the Cope's rule, the tendency towards an increase in body size in an evolutionary lineage. We used statistical methods to assess body size changes under both phylogenetic and nonphylogenetic approaches to identify body size trends in Titanosauriformes. Femoral lengths were collected (or estimated from humeral length) from 46 titanosauriform species and used as a proxy for body size. Our findings show that there is no increase or decrease in titanosauriform body size with age along the Cretaceous and that negative changes in body size are more common than positive ones (although not statistically significant) for most of the titanosauriform subclades (e.g. Saltasaridae, Lithostrotia, Titanosauria and Somphospondyli). Therefore, Cope's rule is not supported in titanosauriform evolution. Finally, we also found a trend towards a decrease of titanosauriform mean body size coupled with an increase in body size standard deviation, both supporting an increase in body size variation towards the end of Cretaceous.
Resumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as relações entre os métodos de oxidação úmida e combustão a alta temperatura, utilizados em determinações do carbono da biomassa microbiana, e verificar a necessidade do uso de fatores de correção entre os dois métodos. Foram utilizadas 96 amostras de solo, coletadas à profundidade de 0-10 cm em Latossolos Vermelhos argilosos de Cerrado, sob cultivos anuais, pastagens, eucalipto e vegetação nativa. O carbono da biomassa microbiana foi determinado a partir de extratos de K 2 SO 4 , pelo método de fumigação-extração, por meio de oxidação úmida com dicromato de potássio com aquecimento externo, e por combustão a alta temperatura em analisador de C orgânico total. Observou-se relação linear positiva e significativa entre os teores de C orgânico determinados pelos dois métodos. O método de combustão a alta temperatura detecta, em média, 6,3% mais C orgânico do que o método por oxidação úmida.Termos para indexação: analisador de carbono, bioindicadores, carbono orgânico, fumigação-extração, qualidade do solo. Microbial biomass carbon in Oxisol determined by wet oxidation and combustion at high temperatureAbstract -The objective of this work was to evaluate the relationships between the methods of wet oxidation and the combustion at high temperature, used in determinations of microbial biomass carbon, and to verify the necessity of using correction factors between the two methods. Ninety-six soil samples, collected at 0-10-cm soil depth in clayey Oxisol of the Cerrado region, under annual crops, pastures, eucalyptus, and native vegetation were used. The microbial biomass carbon was determined from K 2 SO 4 extracts, using the fumigation-extraction method, by wet oxidation with potassium dichromate and external heating, and by combustion at high temperature in a total organic C analyser. A significant, positive, linear relationship between the contents of organic C, determined by the two methods, was observed. The combustion at high temperature method detects, on average, 6.3% more organic C than the wet oxidation method.
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