Resumo Este trabalho analisa a influência de grandes empresas de autopeças na introdução de práticas dePalavras-chave: pequenas empresas fornecedoras, relações entre empresas, redes, gestão da produção.

In this study, we investigate misinformation and disinformation (M&D) about vaccines using a case study approach to understand how M&D about vaccines circulate on YouTube in Portuguese, and who are the channels creating and disseminating this kind of content. The World Health Organization considered vaccine hesitation as one of the greatest threats to global health in 2019. Researchers associated this hesitation to a strengthening of the anti-vaccination movements, suggesting that social media is currently the main spreader of this position. YouTube increasingly becomes a matter of concern, since its recommendation system is identified as a promoter of misinformation and extreme content. Despite YouTube's statements, M&D about vaccines continue to be disseminated in videos in Portuguese, reaching a large audience. We found 52 videos containing M&D about vaccines. The main M&D were the claim of dangerous ingredients in vaccines, the defense of self-direction-freedom of choice, independent research-, the promotion of alternative health services, the myth that vaccines cause diseases, conspiracy theories, and the allegation of vaccine's severe collateral effects. We identified 39 brands advertising on 13 videos of our M&D sample. Although the YouTube Partner Program is an important source of income, the channels use different economic strategies, such as the selling of courses, and therapies and the use of fundraising platforms. We also found that alternative health channels spread distrust about traditional institutions to promote themselves as trusted sources for the audience and thereby profit with alternative health services.

Brazilian YouTube channels spreading vaccine misinformation also misinform the public about the Covid-19 pandemic. Our analysis shows that content creators developed tactics to evade moderation and to profit both from the YouTube Partner Program and from different products, such as courses, books, supplements, and even isolated land — this last item in a pretext to flee from alleged conspiracies. Through the YouTube Partner Program, 516 brands paid for ads that appeared on videos containing Covid-19 misinformation, including the American CDC.

Based on field research in 2005 in the Basque area of Spain, this article discusses the experience of the Mondragõn Corporación Cooperativa—MCC. This network of cooperatives began 50 years ago in the Basque area and has been based on self‐managed cooperatives, education, and technological innovation. Both internal and external solidarity and the daily practice of democracy have been essential for this experience, and demonstrate the potential of self‐management to put limits to economic activity through social, ethical, and ecological commitments in contradistinction to capitalist entrepreneurship oriented by the quest for profit per se. The present day challenges of the Corporación are related to the phenomenon of globalization, which obliged MCC to develop new organizational, technological, and social strategies. Since 1991, when the Corporación was created, technological innovation has been considered an explicit value. A reflection of that is the fact that 12 technological centers are now part of MCC. Furthermore, the Science and Technology Plan of the group has been elaborated since 2001. Internationalization has brought about new challenges as far as the orientating principles of the cooperative movement are concerned.