Over 70 million couples worldwide suffer from infertility (Ombelet et al., 2008). Approximately 1% of all infertile men have obstructive (OA) or nonobstructive azoospermia (NOA; Inhorn & Patrizio, 2015). Contributing to this statistic is the fact that azoospermia is characterised by a lack of spermatozoa in the ejaculated fluid (Fang et al., 2019). If viable testicular spermatozoa can be obtained from these patients, full developmental potential zygotes may be formed using the ICSI procedure (Fang et al., 2019; Shrem et al., 2019). Fortunately, tissue extracted from the testis contains spermatozoa and round germ cells, interstitial cells, Sertoli cells (Crabbé, Verheyen, Tournaye, & Van Steirteghem, 1997) and a high concentration of erythrocytes (Nagy, Verheyen, Tournaye, Devroey, & Van Steirteghem, 1997). According to commonly accepted testicular sperm preparation protocols, sperm suspension is exposed to erythrocyte lysing buffer (ELB) for 5-10 min. This preparation eliminates erythrocytes and produces a clean suspension of testicular spermatozoa. Therefore, it facilitates the search for sperm cells

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SUMMARY:Oxidative stress is increased in varicose veins. Many studies have implicated oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of infertility causing diseases of the female reproductive tract. The aim of this study was to determine whether varicocele can cause raised levels of reactive oxygen species and denaturation of mitochondrial structure in ovaries of female rats or not. In each experimental study, 15 weaning-age female rats were divided equally in 3 groups: Unilateral Varicose Vein (A), Sham (B) and Control (C) groups. Mitochondrial structure and malondialdehyde levels as a product of lipid peroxidation and Prooxidants-Antioxidants Balance were evaluated 60 days after intervention in proestrus stage. Comparisons between groups were made by the measured test. After 2 months, our results showed that mitochondrial structure ultra-structurally was denatured with histologic examination, malondialdehyde and prooxidants-antioxidants balance levels of left ovaries increased significantly in varicocele group compared to control and sham groups (P≤0.05). In the right side, malondialdehyde increased significantly, but in prooxidantsantioxidants balance levels, there is no significant differences between groups. The data of control and sham groups were the same. These findings may support the concept that increased levels of malondialdehyde and PAB in varicocele may cause negative effects on fertility, so using antioxidants maybe useful.

Background: Synchronization between the embryonic stage and the uterine endometrial lining is important in the outcomes of the vitrified-warmed embryo transfer (ET) cycles. Objective: The aim was to investigate the effect of the exact synchronization between the cleavage stage of embryos and the duration of progesterone administration on the improvement of clinical outcomes in frozen embryo transfer (FET) cycles. Materials and Methods: 312 FET cycles were categorized into two groups: (A) day- 3 ET after three days of progesterone administration (n = 177) and (B) day-2 or -4 ET after three days of progesterone administration (n = 135). Group B was further divided into two subgroups: B1: day-2 ET cycles, that the stage of embryos were less than the administrated progesterone and B2: day-4 ET cycles, that the stage of embryos were more than the administrated progesterone. The clinical outcome measures were compared between the groups. Results: The pregnancy outcomes between groups A and B showed a significant differences in the chemical (40.1% vs 27.4%; p = 0.010) and clinical pregnancies (32.8% vs 22.2%; p = 0.040), respectively. The rate of miscarriage tended to be higher and live birth rate tended to be lower in group B than in group A. Also, significantly higher rates were noted in chemical pregnancy, clinical pregnancy, and live birth in group A when compared with subgroup B2. Conclusion: Higher rates of pregnancy and live birth were achieved in day-3 ET after three days of progesterone administration in FET cycles. Key words: Endometrium, Embryo transfer, Pregnancy, Live birth, Progesterone.

Introduction: Invasive breast cancer is the most prevalent malignancy in women. The most common site of metastasis is axillary lymph nodes. The aim of our study was to investigate studies related to axillary staging in Iran. Materials and Methods: A systematic review of the medical literature from 2006 to 2016 was conducted, with 13 abstracts identified and evaluated. These studies included a total of 2220 patients. Results: Three studies showed that tumor size was a significant predictor of axillary nodal status. One study about the number of axillary lymph nodes needed for staging, identified the accuracy of five node sampling as an alternative and compared to classic axillary dissection in operable breast cancer (Sensitivity: 86%, Specificity: 100%, Accuracy: 92%, PPV: 100%, NPV: 86%).One study showed that neither the primary tumor characteristics nor the size of metastasis in the sentinel lymph nodes can predict the status of non-sentinel nodes and complete axillary node dissection should remain the most appropriate management for patients with positive sentinel lymph nodes. Predicting factors of non SLN metastases were age, LVI, ECI, primary tumor size, and PSLNs/TSLNs ratio. The sensitivity and specificity of evaluation of SLN with frozen section was high (95.5% & 100% respectively).The 99m-Tc-MIBI was suitable radiotracer for SLN detection. The results of other studies showed that success rate of SLN finding was high (96%).One study evaluated the magnitude of the absorbed doses of radiation to the hands of operating surgeons and showed that the surgeon performing the sentinel node biopsy procedure was only exposed to a minimal radiation risk. Conclusions: SLNB, as one of the most important developments in breast cancer surgery, could be expanded even in areas without sophisticated facilities.