The macroscopic aspects of moisture transmission in whey protein films were determined by measuring water vapour adsorption. A theoretical model was constructed in which two kinds of water vapour fluxes were considered: one originating from diffusion, whilst the other was a flux due to the gravitation drift of moisture. The comparison of theoretical and experimental results showed that only the diffusion process was present.

Radiopharmaceuticals are special drugs that in the composition preserve one or more radionuclides which can be used as diagnostic or therapeutic tools in Nuclear Medicine Units. This study evaluated hospitals and clinics which have nuclear medicines services at the city of Rio de Janeiro from August to November 2010. The data were obtained through a longitudinal research. The results showed that most of the hospitals (>80%) did not have pharmacist and all them (100%) considered that a pharmacist in the nuclear pharmacy is not required.

This article describes the 30-y history of nuclear medicine in Brazil, including reactors, production of radiopharmaceuticals, and trends.

The energy distribution of a "monoenergetic" and a "white" neutron source were determined with an NE 213 detector system by neutron time-of-flight spectroscopy and by the unfolding of the simultaneously measured s c i n t i l l a t i o n pulse height spectra. Both the neutron detection efficiency necessary f o r the normalization of the TOF spectra and the s e t of reference spectra used i n the matrix inversion procedure were calculated by Monte Carlo simulations based on i d e n t i c a l data s e t s . The fluence distributions r e s u l t i n g from these d i f f e r e n t methods agreed reasonably w e l l over the e n t i r e energy range. In p a r t i c u l a r , the integrated fluence of w e l l i s o l a t e d peaks agreed within the 2 % uncertainty estimated f o r t h i s r a t i o .