Purpose: This study aims to increase our understanding of employers' views on the employability of people with disabilities. Despite employers' significant role in labor market inclusion for people with disabilities, research is scarce on how employers view employability for this group. Methods: This was a qualitative empirical study with a phenomenographic approach using semi-structured interviews with 27 Swedish employers from a variety of settings and with varied experience of working with people with disabilities. Results: The characteristics of employers' views on the employability of people with disabilities can be described as multifaceted. Different understandings of the interplay between underlying individual-, workplace-, and authority-related aspects form three qualitatively different views of employability, namely as constrained by disability, independent of disability, and conditional. These views are also characterized on a meta-level through their association with the cross-cutting themes: trust, contribution, and support. Conclusions: The study presents a framework for understanding employers' different views of employability for people with disabilities as a complex internal relationship between conceived individual-, workplace-, and authority-related aspects. Knowledge of the variation in conceptions of employability for people with disability may facilitate for rehabilitation professionals to tailor their support for building trustful partnerships with employers, which may enhance the inclusion of people with disabilities on the labor market. ä IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATIONEmployers' views on employing people with disabilities vary with respect to individual-, workplace-, and authority-related aspects in relation to trust, contribution and support. Knowledge of the employers' views on the employability of people with disabilities can support professionals in authorities and in vocational rehabilitation. The findings illustrate the importance of analyzing what type of support employers need as a starting point for building trustful partnerships between authority actors and employers. The findings offer a vocabulary that can be used by professionals in authorities and in vocational rehabilitation in tailoring employer-oriented support to increase labor market inclusion of people with disabilities.ARTICLE HISTORY

Purpose:The aim was to study the relational dynamics of interorganizational cooperation over the life of a labor market project supporting unemployed young people.Methods: The methodological process followed the practice theory toolkit described by Nicolini (2012). Data were collected by ethnographical methods through the initiation, development and closing down of the project. Data analysis was performed in relation to three focus areas: (a) tensions between creativity and normativity, (b) processes of legitimation and stabilization and (c) interactional order. Results: The results visualized how a lack of consensus and the presence of two divergent rationalities, a coordinating rationality and an empowerment rationality, within the project organization had major influences on the initiation, development and closing down of the project. Conclusions: The study has, by using a practice theory approach, illuminated the complex dynamics of cooperative projects. The study highlights four central and relative conditions when setting up cooperative projects: (a) to enable open and clear communication, (b) to create an adequate structure for the project and clarify assignments and roles in the project organization, (c) to build trustful relationships within the project organization and towards cooperative actors, and (d) to prioritize steering and monitoring in cooperative projects in order to avoid the project deviating from its purpose.

PurposeThis article explores theoretical assumptions regarding negative consequences of social capital in the empirical case of a failed cooperation project, and how these consequences are related to processes involving people, structures and environments.Design/methodology/approachThe article is based on a case study of a cooperation project within municipal labor market services. The methodology followed a theorizing process, where data were collected through ethnographical methods and analyzed in relation to existing concepts from theories describing negative effects of social capital and shadow organizing.FindingsThe results highlight how the development of negative social capital in the project can be understood through three relational processes, namely the social dynamics of insulation, homogenization and escalating commitment. The authors conclude that the quality of social capital is conditional upon complex interactions within social structures. Moreover, the results highlight the importance of studying organizing practices outside explicit structures, in order to identify the development of non-canonical practices and their consequences.Practical implicationsOrganizing cooperation projects that aim to bridge professional competencies or organizational boundaries have to be attentive toward informal organizing practices which if remaining unrecognized may grow and threaten the original intentions.Originality/valueThe study makes a theoretical contribution by combining a shadow organizing approach with literature on social capital. This combination proves especially useful for analyzing how organizational dynamics can influence the development of social capital into producing negative effects.

Labor market inclusion is a complex assignment that takes place through a dynamic interaction between unemployed individuals from vulnerable groups, several authority actors and employers. The overall aim of this thesis was to explore the social dynamics of labor market inclusion, with a particular focus on integration, from the perspectives of employers and authority actors. Three empirical studies have been conducted focusing on different perspectives and integration challenges, using various forms of qualitative methods and theoretical approaches. Study I was a qualitative phenomenographic interview study of employers' perspectives on labor market inclusion and intersectoral integration. The study showed that employers' views are multifaceted and can be categorized as constrained, independent, and conditional, and can be understood through a complex internal relationship between conceived individual-, workplace-and authority-related aspects in relation to the themes of trust, contribution, and support (paper I). Study II was a two-year longitudinal case study of an interorganizational integration project, focusing on the authority actors' perspectives. Through ethnographic fieldwork and a practice-theory approach, two divergent rationalities (an empowerment rationality and a coordinating rationality) were identified within the project organization, and four central concepts were highlighted-communication, trust, structure, and steering-contributing to a collapse in integration (paper II). The dysfunctional group processes were further analyzed with the theory of negative effects of social capital and shadow organizing, summarized as three social dynamics: insulation, homogenization, and escalating commitment (paper III). Study III was a one-year longitudinal case study of a municipal intraorganizational integration project focusing on the perspectives of both authority actors and municipal employers. This study combined ethnographic field work with the theory of social representations, which visualized three different representations among the different professional groups-individual-, employer-, and political-oriented-which contributed to creating tensions within the project, identified as incomprehension, power struggles, expectation gaps, and distrust (paper IV). By studying two labor market inclusion projects through shadow organizing, the thesis has revealed a complex and dynamic interplay between the various views of the actors involved, as well as social processes within P-O, the love of my life, for your love and humor. My beloved children, Jasmine, Jack, Nikki, and Dexter, for just being you. You are and always will be my number one priority. I look forward to following you on life's paths and detours. I am so grateful to have you all in my life!