Tuberculosis continues to draw special attention from health care professionals and society in general. Cutaneous tuberculosis is an infection caused by M. tuberculosis complex, M. bovis and bacillus Calmette-Guérin. Depending on individual immunity, environmental factors and the type of inoculum, it may present varied clinical and evolutionary aspects. Patients with HIV and those using immunobiological drugs are more prone to infection, which is a great concern in centers where the disease is considered endemic. This paper aims to review the current situation of cutaneous tuberculosis in light of this new scenario, highlighting the emergence of new and more specific methods of diagnosis, and the molecular and cellular mechanisms that regulate the parasite-host interaction.

PurposeSporotrichosis is a subcutaneous mycosis caused by Sporothrix sp., a dimorphic fungus. Although the cutaneous form is the most frequent form, the ocular presentation has been increasingly diagnosed in epidemic areas. We describe three cases of ocular sporotrichosis with the involvement of the ocular adnexa due to autoinoculation without trauma with successful antifungal treatment.ObservationsPatient 1: A 68-year-old woman presented with granulomatous conjunctivitis of the right eye with an ulcerated nodule on the right temporal region for 5 months. Patient 2: A 46-year-old woman with conjunctival hyperemia of the left eye with associated periorbital edema and erythema for the past 4 months was referred to the Dermatology Department due to an ulcerated nodule on the left malar region. Patient 3: A 14-year-old boy presented to the emergency department with inferior palpebral edema with a 5-day evolution. Specimens were obtained from the lesions of the three patients, and the cultures were positive for Sporothrix sp. The three cases were diagnosed as ocular sporotrichosis and were successfully treated with itraconazole (200–400 mg/d). Two of the three patients developed sequelae such as conjunctival fibrosis and symblepharon.Conclusions and importanceWe emphasize the importance of the ophthalmologist being familiar with the diagnosis and management of this rare and frequently misdiagnosed form of sporotrichosis.

A case-control study to identify the risk factors for toxoplasmic encephalitis (TE) among HIV-infected patients with latent Toxoplasma gondii infection was performed in a teaching hospital in south-eastern Brazil. Although the subjects were all positive for serum IgG antibodies to Toxoplasma, some (the cases) developed TE during routine follow-up at the hospital whereas others (the controls) did not. Adjusted odds ratios (aOR) were estimated by multiple logistic regression after controlling for potential confounders. Only 46 (22%) of the 210 cases but 93 (45%) of the 205 controls were on prophylactic regimens with co-trimoxazole [aOR = 0.30; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.15-0.60]. Subjects with fewer than 100 (aOR = 37.09; CI =7.49-183.67) or between 100 and 200 CD4 cells/microl (aOR = 10.20; CI =2.00-51.90) were at substantially increased risk of developing TE than those with >400 CD4 cells/microl. Although the results of preliminary, unadjusted data analysis indicated that male sex and homosexual or bisexual activity might be additional risk factors, these associations were not found to be statistically significant by multiple regression analysis. In conclusion, no risk factors for TE other than low CD4 cell counts and failure to receive prophylaxis were found among HIV-infected Brazilian patients with past exposure to Toxoplasma. Seropositive patients with CD4 cell counts above 100/microl (the point at which specific prophylaxis is usually recommended) but below 200/microl might also benefit from effective anti-TE prophylaxis.

No abstract

FUNDAMENTOS: O pênfigo vulgar é uma bulose grave, produzida pela destruição autoimune dos desmossomos, o que resulta na formação de bolhas intraepidérmicas, afetando pele e mucosas, com mortalidade de 5 a 10%. Os efeitos colaterais da terapêutica contribuíram para aumentar a morbidade da doença, respondendo por parte considerável das causas imediatas de morte por pênfigo vulgar atualmente. Não há nenhuma sistematização reprodutível para a avaliação clínica dos pacientes de pênfigo vulgar, tornando a decisão terapêutica subjetiva e os seus resultados, incertos. OBJETIVO: Validar um escore para a avaliação clínica dos pacientes com pênfigo vulgar. MÉTODO: O índice de comprometimento cutaneomucoso do pênfigo vulgar foi criado, pontuando achados de fácil observação no exame clínico. Durante três anos, sete pacientes com pênfigo vulgar foram acompanhados e submeti dos, em cada consulta, a pareamentos independentes do índice de comprometimento cutaneomucoso do pênfigo vulgar com vistas à aferição da sua reprodutibilidade. RESULTADOS: O índice de comprometimento cutaneomucoso do pênfigo vulgar se mostrou reprodutível em todos os métodos estatísticos utilizados para avaliação da concordância entre os examinadores independentes, permitindo, ainda, separar os pacientes em classes de gravidade crescente. CONCLUSÃO: O índice de comprometimento cutaneomucoso do pênfigo vulgar pode ajudar na classificação da gravidade do pênfigo vulgar, contribuindo para a pesquisa médica e para a uniformização das condutas terapêuticas num futuro próximo.