The research problem importance is determined by rather poor investigation of trade links in the Middle and Lower Volga region during the times of the Golden Horde; importance of the problem is also caused by the necessity to get the results for writing summarized works on Archaeology, History of trade and to use them during the creation of museum exhibitions and design of educational programs for undergraduate and post-graduate students. The article goal is to describe the leading fields of foreign trade in Lower Volga region as a part of Jochid state and the problems of domestic trade links at this land. The leading method for the problem research is the complex analysis of the data: written, archaeological and numismatic sources that allow get the most complete and realistic view of the trade links. The article is presenting the results that show significant rise of trade connections development in the Volga region of the researched period and the breadth of trade contacts and the peculiarities of inner trade. We also defined the features and the level of trade links development in the Volga region during the period of the Golden Horde. The article materials can be useful for research of the Golden Horde economy as well as the history of World Trade.

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Research objectives: To consider the creative path and main views of L.T. Yablonsky, as well as his influence on ideas about the ethnic history of the Golden Horde population and theoretical problems of ethnogenesis. Research materials: The authors of the article were based on numerous publications by L.T. Yablonsky, as well as personal impressions from meetings with the researcher on expeditions and at academic conferences. Results and novelty of the research: The authors consider the formation of L.T. Yablonsky as a unique specialist who combined archaeological training and professional study of physical anthropology. This allowed him to draw important conclusions about the formation of the Golden Horde population. Later, he resorted to this method to study the early nomads of the Aral Sea region and the South Urals. His works became an event in the research field, since they positively differed from others not only by an interdisciplinary approach to the problem under study – at the junction of archaeology and ethnogenetics – but also by the wide use of anthropological materials. Prior to these works, all information about the population of the Jochid ulus was fragmentary and unsystematic, and he was the very researcher who first connected the data of paleoanthropology and the analysis of the burial rite in medieval burial grounds. He proved the fact that the Golden Horde population consisted of mixed population groups, and identified those population groups that, in his opinion, came from Central Asia. L.T. Yablonsky attached great importance to the methodology of research on ethnogenesis and ethnic history. He advocated an integrated scientific approach to their study and emphasized the huge role of paleoanthropology and archaeology in solving ethnogenetic problems. In his opinion, the rapid divergence of various scientific disciplines – ethnology, archaeology, physical anthropology, and genetics – was the main problem that hindered the development of scientific ethnogenetic research. L.T. Yablonsky, therefore, believed that expanding comprehensive research would help solve this problem.