Urbanization can change catchment hydrology, accelerating gully erosion and causing serious damage to urban structures like roads, bridges and buildings. Increased impervious surfaces lead to large, rapid increases in surface runoff in urban catchments during storm events, as well as changes in the upslope contributing area due to rerouting of urban runoff that can exacerbate erosion. Accounting for changes in surface drainage patterns Gama City, Brazil, is used to predict areas prone to accelerate gullying and develop a method of assessing the potential for gully erosion produced by urbanization. The method is based on the analysis and comparison of detailed digital elevation models (DEMs) of the natural condition before urbanization and the topography after urbanization. The study site is located in an area where changes in drainage patterns associated with rapid urbanization in the last 30 years have resulted in severe gullying. Our analysis identifi es areas potentially susceptible to gullying and highlights the erosional infl uence of increased fl ow concentration caused by urban occupation, a fi nding that has implications and applications for strategies to prevent gully development in cities or areas undergoing urban expansion. Copyright
ResumoA alteração da superfície do terreno em decorrência da urbanização, por meio da instalação de estruturas como arruamentos e edifi cações, altera signifi cativamente a dinâmica do escoamento superfi cial. Uma das consequências dessa alteração é a concentração do escoamento, o que pode desencadear o aparecimento de ravinas e voçorocas. Nesses processos além dos impactos a jusante, o avanço das erosões ameaça a própria estrutura urbana. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo aplicar um método desenvolvido para identifi car zonas suscetíveis à ocorrência de processos erosivos no bairro do Jardim Botânico no Distrito Federal. O método é baseado na defi nição de dois cenários: (a) pré-urbanização e (b) pós-urbanização. Para estes cenários foram gerados modelos digitais de terreno e mapas de fl uxo acumulado. A partir da subtração dos mapas de fl uxo acumulado foram apontadas as zonas que receberam aumento ou redução do fl uxo em decorrência da urbanização. O resultado dessa análise fi cou altamente correlacionado com as erosões identifi cadas, bem como se constatou que a declividade é fundamental na defi nição das zonas suscetíveis. Esse método pode ser utilizado para auxiliar no planejamento de novas áreas de expansão urbana, ou, para replanejar áreas já existentes, em regiões com características semelhantes as do Distrito Federal.
The work is focused on the performance estimation and control of a cold flow inside a ramjet test engine, which initially operates without combustion, preparing the flow for the main propulsive phase. To achieve this objective, a “connected pipe” test bench was assembled. Flow management was performed using the control valve that allows regulating pressure and air mass flow rate in the engine according to its flight conditions through sensors installed at relevant positions. The proportional, integral and derivative (PID) parameters for the flow control algorithm were studied in order to guarantee the stable operation of the engine and correspondence of the flow parameters to predicted ones by the analytical modeling. Experimental results were validated by the numerical and analytical compressible flow models.
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