An ideal antimicrobial should be not toxic and possess board spectrum antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal activity, excluding resistance and should affect pathogen-mediated damage of host physiology including immune, nervous and endocrine systems. With the purpose of a combination of nonspecific antimicrobial action of molecular and ionized iodine with systemic immune-modulating property of the negatively charged polysaccharides a complex drug of iodine and lithium on a template of a alpha-dextrin liquid crystal was designed. The physicochemical model of iodine-lithium-alpha-dextrin (ILalphaD) is based on the human blood and the stereochemistry of moving equilibred systems of dynamically balanced organic polymers conformation complexed with the iodine and lithium molecules. Here we reviewed the antibacterial, antiviral, immune-modulating and anti-inflammatory mechanisms in vivo and in vitro as well as pharmacokinetics, metabolism, chronic toxicity, cumulative properties, embryo toxicity and carcinogenicity of ILalphaD. Clinical efficacy, tolerability and safety of ILalphaD monotherapy have been evaluated in HIV-infected patients, administered intravenously for a total of 12 infusions in 4 cycles. ILalphaD therapy contributes to anti-HIV and anti-inflammatory effects, resolution of dermatological and neurological pathology and dramatically improves the quality of life reflecting on enhanced treatment adherence. ILalphaD appears to be safe and perspective for an adjuvant therapy of bacterial and viral infections, including HIV/AIDS, hypothyroid, autoimmune and inflammatory diseases for controlling pathogen production from infected cells, immune response, inflammation and metabolism.

Antibodies against different chronic viruses, including hepatitis C virus (HCV), express a public cross-reactive idiotype (Id) designated as 1F7. The prominence of this Id may reflect selective engagement of B1 B cells by chronic pathogens. We investigated this by comparing 1F7 Id expression on CD5 + and CD5 À B cells, total IgG, total IgM and anti-HCV core antibodies in different HCV exposure settings. By flow cytometry, we observed a selective increase in 1F7 Id + CD5 + B cells in chronic HCV infection. 1F7 Id levels in different immunoglobulin compartments were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. 1F7 Id expression was prominent in anti-HCV core antibodies of B90% of 141 HCV-exposed individuals tested. In the Canadian and Armenian study groups, participants who spontaneously cleared HCV infection had lower median 1F7 Id levels on total plasma IgG and anti-HCV core antibodies. Armenian spontaneous clearers, who were younger and more recently infected than their Canadian counterparts, also had had lower median 1F7 Id levels on total plasma IgM. Engagement by HCV of B-cell receptors within, or overlapping with the CD5 + B1 B-cell repertoire is reflected in the production of 1F7 Id + anti-HCV antibodies and expansion of 1F7 Id + CD5 + B cells. Higher 1F7 Id expression levels are associated with chronic infection. Idiotopes are antigenic determinants within immunoglobulin (Ig) or T-cell receptor variable (V) regions. Although the idiotype (Id) of an Ig or T-cell receptor represents the aggregate of idiotopes within its V region, antibodies (Ab) against individual idiotopes are termed anti-idiotypic. Therefore, V region reactivity of Ig preparations with a monoclonal Ab (mAb) denotes the expression of an Id that is named in reference to the mAb, by convention. The significance of Id distribution within individual antibody repertoires and throughout populations has been extensively studied in relation to immune regulation, autoimmunity and infection. 1 During B-cell ontogeny, idiotypes defined by mAb assume a level of prominence reflecting their frequency of generation through the largely random processes of V gene rearrangement, junctional modification and combinatorial pairing that underly B-cell receptor assembly. If the relevant idiotope maps within germ-lineencoded V, diversity (D) or joining (J) gene sequences, the Id will be public (often present at meaningful levels in the population) and crossreactive (on antibodies of different specificity). In contrast, if the idiotope reflects a particular V heavy (H) chain/V light (L) chain combination incorporating idiosyncratic VD, VJ, or DJ junctions, the corresponding Id will reach meaningful levels only after antigenic selection or cellular transformation. As this type of Id is more often private (uncommon in the population) and restricted to antibodies of like specificity, its emergence as a public Id in certain situations may show common structural aspects of immunoglobulin networks.Biased Ig V gene segment usage, antigenic selection and possibly, the v...

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Introduction. While thyroid nodules are extremely pervasive, the chances that a nodule is malignant are small. The annual incidence of thyroid carcinoma is 0,5-10 per 100000. A hefty 75-80% of all thyroid carcinoma cases are papillary thyroid carcinoma, which is referred to as differentiated thyroid carcinoma.Relevancy. Papillary thyroid carcinoma is the most common thyroid carcinoma. Peak onset ages are from 40 to 60 years old. Furthermore the increasing incidence has been observed among younger people. With the discovery of a thyroid nodule, a complete history and physical examination focusing on the thyroid gland should be performed.Aim: to determine papillary carcinoma’s background pathology, proceed the ubiquitous approach of thyroid nodule’s diagnosis, dynamic control and treatment.Material and Methods. This study covered the period of 2010-2014. 183 patients attending Erebuni medical center’s General and Endocrine Surgery Department were included in this analysis. Postoperative pathohistological examination has authenticated the diagnosis: papillary thyroid carcinoma. The study has not included the patients who underwent only preoperative cytological examination without postoperative pathohistological diagnosis and the patients who underwent surgical treatment for the relapse.Results. In a massive 53,6%(98) of 183 observed patients' papillary thyroid carcinoma has occurred de novo. However 46,4%(85) has had background pathology such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis(18,6%(34)) and Adenomatoid hyperplasia (27,8%(51)). A major 59,6%(109) has been above 40 years old, the other 40,4% has been under 40.Conclusion. To sum up there might be a possible connection between papillary carcinoma, Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Adenomatoid hyperplasia. We suggest ultrasound follow-up and double cytological examination(if the previous one is mistrustful) among patients who have Hashimoto's thyroiditis(ultrasound examination confirmation, high level of antibodies) and Adenomatoid hyperplasia( cytological examination confirmation).