В работе исследовалось влияние пренатальной гипоксии различной степени тяжести на активность ключевых ферментов глутаматного обмена – глутаминазы и глутаминсинтетазы в различных областях мозга крыс. Была выявлена обратная корреляция в активности ферментов глутамат-глутаминового цикла в большом мозге потомства крыс, переживших влияние различных режимов гипоксического воздействия в период органогенеза пренатального развития. На фоне снижения активности глутаминсинтетазы отмечается повышение активности глутаминазы в структурах большого мозга 17-дневных крысят. Причем, характер изменения ферментативной активности зависит от степени тяжести гипоксического воздействия. Следовательно, пренатальная гипоксия приводит к нарушению метаболизма глутамата в большом мозге и создает условия для его накопления в нервных клетках. Данные нарушения, возможно, обусловлены изменениями механизмов обратного захвата и утилизации глутамата или повреждением структуры ферментов, и приводят в итоге к нарушениям глутаматергической передачи. The effect of prenatal hypoxia of varying severity on the activity of glutaminase and glutamine synthetase in various rat brain regions was studied in this work. The study revealed an inverse correlation in the activity of enzymes of the glutamate-glutamine cycle in the brain of rat offspring that survived the influence of hypoxic exposure in various severity during the period of organogenesis of prenatal development. Against the background of a decrease in glutamine synthetase activity, an increase in glutaminase activity in the brain structures of 17-day-old rat pups was noted. Moreover, the nature of the change in enzymatic activity depended on the severity of the hypoxic influence. Consequently, prenatal hypoxia led to disruption of the metabolism of glutamate in the brain and created conditions for its accumulation in nerve cells. These disorders are possibly caused by changes in the mechanisms of reuptake and utilization of glutamate or damage enzyme’s structure and ultimately led to disturbances in glutamatergic transmission.
We studied the effect of hypoxia (days 9-15 of pregnancy) on phosphate-dependent glutaminase activity in the brain of rat offspring aging 18 days and 1, 3, and 6 months. Activity of glutaminase significantly increased in mitochondria from the orbital, visual, and limbic cortex, hypothalamus, and midbrain of 17-day-old offspring. Activity of this enzyme in all brain regions increased at the age of 1 month, but significantly decreased in animals aging 3 and 6 months and prenatally exposed to hypoxia (during organogenesis). Changes in glutaminase activity in various structures of the brain are probably associated with activation of the glutamatergic and GABAergic systems and serve as an adaptive and compensatory reaction of the brain.
Шизофрениясоциально значимое психическое расстройство, характеризующееся ранним началом и значительными временными и финансовыми затратами на лечение. Антипсихотики высокоэффективны в лечении шизофрении, но в то же время имеют широкий спектр нежелательных лекарственных реакций. Эффективность и безопасность антипсихотиков различна и зависит от характеристик генетически детерминированных механизмов: транспорт, биотрансформация и элиминация.Целью исследования является обозначение важности фармакогенетического тестирования перед началом терапии антипсихотиками на примере клинического случая тяжелых нежелательных реакций у 47летней женщины с шизофренией.Методы: анализ истории болезни пациента; клиническое наблюдение; биохимический анализ сыворотки крови; терапевтический медикаментозный мониторинг; фармакогенетическое тестирование.Клинический случай женщины с шизофренией, у которой было отмечено отсутствие терапевтического ответа на антипсихотики в течение нескольких лет после начала шизофрении. Было обнаружено, что она является гомозиготной носительницей нефункциональных вариантов CYP2D6*4 и CYP2C9*2, гетерозиготной носительницей нефункционального варианта CYP1A1*2A, что стало причиной полного отключения активности изоферментов 2D6, 2C9 и частичного -1A1 семейства CYP в печени и развития нежелательных реакций уже при использовании стартовых доз нескольких антипсихотиков, а также нарастания антипсихотик-индуцированных нежелательных реакций при дальнейшей титрации дозы принимаемых антипсихотиков, нарастания тяжести позитивных (галлюцинации, бред). Отказ от проведения фармакогенетического тестирования до начала назначения антипсихотиков пациентке привело к длительному анамнезу (более 10 лет) антипсихотик-индуцированных нежелательных реакций при применении антипсихотиков в монотерапии и политерапии включая: арипипразол, галоперидол, зуклопентиксол, карипразин, кветиапин, палиперидон, рисперидон, алимемазин, хлорпромазин и др. (метаболизм с участием нефункционального изофермента CYP2D6); галоперидол, клозапин, оланзапин, перфеназин, промазин (метаболизм с участием нефункционального изофермента CYP2C9); галоперидол, оланзапин, пероспирон (метаболизм с участием низкофункционального изофермента СYP1A1).Таким образом, пациентка нуждалась в фармакогенетическом тестировании до назначения антипсихотиков
The male types of the sixties prose, which destroys the frames of socialist realism, differ from the male types before him in terms of their aesthetic position, content, and capacity. At this time, the attitude towards people and events had already changed in the structure of artistic prose. Now social life itself was not the events of 30-40 years ago. A new society has begun to form. The role of man in society has increased, humanistic ideals have strengthened, the principle of partisanship has retreated somewhat. The images themselves have undergone a certain evolution. In the evolution of images, male types began to be presented on a new aesthetic platform. If in earlier works male characters were depicted in social processes, in these years the lyrical, dramatic psychological context took a leading position.Starting from the fifties, the relatively different development path of society had to change the small images of literature, including artistic prose. The revolutionary, social characteristics of men's images were eliminated. New male characters appeared in M. Huseyn's "Black Stones", I. Huseynov's "Burning Heart", I. Efendiyev's "Willow Arch", "Bridgemakers", I. Shikhly's "Separating Roads" and others. This change in the essence and transformation of images gave birth to a new trajectory of movement in life, society, and prose. The interest in the individual in society leads to the creation of images with new content in artistic prose. I. Huseynov's Samad Amirlisi ("Burning Heart") is in front of these images. Samad Amirli could not have been born twenty years ago, nor could he have been born ten years ago. It was difficult to create such a male image in previous life realities. Commenting on this, critic Akif Huseynov writes: "Our modern prose has achieved a real achievement in its trend towards individuality in the creative example of Isa Huseynov. This trend has become a pathos, a leading motive in this creativity. The writer's works are distinguished by instilling a very sensitive and humane attitude towards a person, his personal dignity, his life and fate, and by arousing a sharp hatred of evil" [1, p.36].It is in the example of I. Huseynov's creativity that the aesthetic travtovka of the images changed and gained a humanistic content. In this sense, Samad Amirli can be considered one of the male characters with new content. He cannot oppose the despotism of his uncle, who has been in office in the district for a long time, so he withdraws into himself for a while. But he is looking for new ways to assert his human self; realizes that the individual self of thousands of people in the region cannot be expressed in the self of one personality -Sultan Amirli. The tragedy of personality
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