Deterministic replay is a type of emerging technique dedicated to providing deterministic executions of computer programs in the presence of nondeterministic factors. The application scopes of deterministic replay are very broad, making it an important research topic in domains such as computer architecture, operating systems, parallel computing, distributed computing, programming languages, verification, and hardware testing. In this survey, we comprehensively review existing studies on deterministic replay by introducing a taxonomy. Basically, existing deterministic replay schemes can be classified into two categories, single-processor (SP) schemes and multiprocessor (MP) schemes. By reviewing the details of these two categories of schemes respectively, we summarize and compare how existing schemes address technical issues such as log size, record slowdown, replay slowdown, implementation cost, and probe effect, which may shed some light on future studies on deterministic replay.

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A new method is reported for detecting heavy metal ions by using the self assembled monolayer (SAM) technique and surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). The p-mercaptobenzoic acid (MBA) served as the SERS readout molecule and the modified tag to attach on the smooth gold substrate as well as the tag of nanoparticles by the SAM method. Two carboxyl groups from MBA molecules which were attached respectively to gold substrate and gold nanoparticles were linked through the heavy metal ions (Cu 2+ , Pb 2+ and Zn 2+ ) as bridge, and thus sandwich structure of 'MBA modified gold substrate/heavy metal ions/MBA modified gold nanoparticles' was built for detection. The observation of the oxidation peak of metal nanoparticles from cyclic voltammetry (CV) curve, gold nanoparticles from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images and SERS signal of MBA from the sandwich structure indicated the existence of heavy metal ions. The difference in the wavenumbers of vibrational modes from MBA in the sandwich structure constructed by different could be used to identify different heavy metal ions. The assembled structure was rinsed by strong chelator of EDTA solution to remove the heavy metal ions from the sandwich structure and thus to obtain a fresh gold substrate modified with MBA for the cyclic detection.

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