The helper T cell 9 (Thelper-9, Th9), as a functional subgroup of CD4 + T cells, was first discovered in 2008. Th9 cells expressed transcription factor PU.1 and cytokine interleukin-9 (IL-9) characteristically. Recent researches have shown that the differentiation of Th9 cells was coregulated by cytokine transforming growth factor b, IL-4, and various transcription factors. Th9 cells, as a new player, played an important role in various immunerelated diseases, including tumors, inflammatory diseases, parasite infection, and other diseases. In this article, we summarize the related research progress and discuss the possible prospect.

Thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1/NKx2.1) is a member of the NKx2 tissue-specific transcription factor family, which is expressed in thyroid follicle, parathyroid gland, alveolar epithelium, and diencephalon which originated from ectoderm, and participates in the differentiation, development, and functional maintenance of the above organs. Recent studies have shown that the abnormal expression of TTF-1 is closely related to the occurrence of a variety of human diseases and can be used as a potential new target for the diagnosis and treatment of related diseases. In this article, in order to strengthen the systematic understanding of TTF-1 and promote the progress of related research, we reviewed the structure, expression regulation, biological functions of TTF-1, and its role in the occurrence and development of human-related clinical diseases. Meanwhile, we prospect the future research direction of TTF-1, which might ultimately contribute to the understanding of the pathogenesis of related clinical diseases and the development of new prevention and treatment strategies.

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