It has been reported that in patients with operable stage I non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), overall survival (OS) is better in those who undergo hypofractionated stereotactic radiation therapy (HSRT) than in those who undergo surgery. However, the reason that HSRT has a better OS has not been fully explored. Here, we analyzed reconstitution kinetics in immune cells in the peripheral blood of NSCLC patients after HSRT. We found that HSRT increased the frequency of total T cells, especially the proportion of CD8+ T cells, but decreased the frequency of inhibitory Tregs. Intracellular staining showed that after HSRT, peripheral CD8+ T cells were transformed into activated T cells, which express high levels of TNF-α, IFN-γ, granzyme B and IL-2. HSRT also increased the production of IL-2, TNF-α, and IFN-γ but down-regulated the production of TGF-β in CD4+ T cells. The frequencies of naïve B cells and double-negative B cells were lower, while the proportions of MZ-like B cells, transitional B cells and plasmablast cells were higher after HSRT. Collectively, our results demonstrate that HSRT activates the peripheral immune response and indicate the dynamic variation in peripheral lymphocytes after HSRT, which is very important for optimizing combination treatments in clinical practice.

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The extemporaneous combustion of coal remains a major threat to safety in coal mines because such fire accidents result in casualties and significant property loss, as well as serious environmental pollution. This work proposed the fabrication of flame-retardant rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) containing expandable graphite as char expander/sealant with melamine phosphosphate and 2-carboxyethyl (phenyl)phosphinic acid as char inducer and radical trapping agents. The as-prepared RPUF successfully inhibited coal combustion by forming thermally stable high graphitic content expandable intumescent char sealing over the coal. The RPUF achieved UL-94 V-0 rating in addition to significant reductions in peak heat release, total heat release, and CO and CO2 yields. The external and the internal residual char structure was studied by X-ray photoelectron spectra, Raman spectroscopy, and real-time Fourier transform infrared spectra techniques, and a flame-retardant mode of action has been proposed. This work provides important insight into a facile fabrication of highly efficient and economical flame-retardant RPUF to inhibit the spontaneous combustion of coal.