The multidrug-resistant rate of Klebsiella pneumoniae has risen rapidly worldwide. To better understand the multidrug resistance situation and molecular characterization of Klebsiella pneumoniae, a total of 153 Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were collected, and drug susceptibility test was performed to detect its susceptibility patterns to 13 kinds of antibiotics. Phenotypic tests for carbapenemases ESBLs and AmpC enzyme-producing strains were performed to detect the resistance phenotype of the isolates. Then PCR amplification and sequencing analysis were performed for the drug resistance determinants. The results showed that 63 strains harbored bla CTX-M gene, and 14 strains harbored bla DHA gene. Moreover, there were 5 strains carrying bla KPC gene, among which 4 strains carried bla CTX-M, bla DHA and bla KPC genes, and these 4 strains were also resistant to imipenem. Our data indicated that drug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae were highly prevalent in the hospital. Thus it is warranted that surveillance of epidemiology of those resistant isolates should be a cause for concern, and appropriate drugs should be chosen.

In recent decades, China has been in a rapid social and health transition. As seen in many developing countries, it is currently facing a double burden of both under- and overnutrition. The national average daily intake of energy, per reference person, was reduced from 2,328 kcal in 1992 to 2,252 kcal in 2002, but that of fat increased from 58.3 to 76.2 g. The national prevalence of growth retardation of children <5 years was 31.9% in 1992 and 14.3% in 2002. However, in these 10 years the prevalence of overweight increased by 39% and hypertension by 31% among adults. Chronic diseases induced 80.9% of the total number of deaths in 2000. Food-based dietary guidelines (FBDGs) were first developed in China in 1989, and a ‘Food Guide Pagoda’ was formulated in association with a thorough revision of FBDGs in 1997. They have been used as a powerful tool for mass education in dealing with under- and overnutrition. In order to inform consumers about having a rational diet, popularization of the FBDGs has been widely practiced. With the joint efforts of various sectors, about 20 million people have been involved directly. Despite the great efforts made, only a small proportion of the vast population has received the message. Governmental action is needed to spread and sustain mass education on food and nutrition in China. The Chinese FBDGs per se need to be revised and specific guidelines for different populations such as infants and elderly people should be developed.

A continuously monitored one-unit system, backed by an identical standby unit, is perfectly repaired by an in-house repair person, if achievable within a random or deterministic patience time (DPT), or else by a visiting expert, who repairs one or all failed units before leaving. We study four models in terms of the limiting availability and limiting profit per unit time, using semi-Markov processes, when all distributions are exponential. We show that a DPT is preferable to a random patience time, and we characterize conditions under which the expert should repair multiple failed units (rather than only one failed unit) during each visit. We also extend the method when life-and repair times are non-exponential.

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The laws in Vietnam provide a framework within which one may judge the nature and type of health care-related discrimination to which people living with HIV (PLWHA) are subject. Despite the existence of stringent legislation protecting the rights of PLWHA, this study found that, in practice, PLWHA experienced significant structural discrimination in their daily lives. The discrimination experienced by PLWHA was exacerbated by the fact that, historically, HIV is associated with high-risk, marginalized groups such as drug users and sex workers. In the health care sector, discriminatory practices (for instance, refusal to treat), differential treatment and non-confidentiality were frequent. For the development of successful prevention and treatment strategies, a mutually desirable and equitable balance must be achieved between individual rights and needs and individual obligations to the broader society.