With the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, social media has rapidly become a crucial communication tool for information generation, dissemination, and consumption. In this scoping review, we selected and examined peerreviewed empirical studies relating to COVID-19 and social media during the first outbreak from November, 2019, to November, 2020. From an analysis of 81 studies, we identified five overarching public health themes concerning the role of online social media platforms and COVID-19. These themes focused on: surveying public attitudes, identifying infodemics, assessing mental health, detecting or predicting COVID-19 cases, analysing government responses to the pandemic, and evaluating quality of health information in prevention education videos. Furthermore, our Review emphasises the paucity of studies on the application of machine learning on data from COVID-19-related social media and a scarcity of studies documenting real-time surveillance that was developed with data from social media on COVID-19. For COVID-19, social media can have a crucial role in disseminating health information and tackling infodemics and misinformation. e176 www.thelancet.com/digital-health Vol 3 March 2021 Review Methods OverviewStudies exploring the use of social media relating to COVID-19 were reviewed by use of the scoping review methods of Arksey and O'Malley 13 and Levac and colleagues. 14 We followed the five-step scoping review protocol and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for scoping reviews. Data SourcesExploratory searches were done on COVID-19 Open Research Dataset Challenge and Google Scholar in April, 2020. These searches helped to define the Review scope, develop the research questions, and determine eligibility criteria. After such activity, MEDLINE and PubMed, Scopus, and PsycINFO were selected for this Review because they include peer-reviewed literature in the fields of medicine, behavioural sciences, psychology, health-care systems, and clinical sciences. Variations of the key search terms can be found in the panel. Since the start of the current pandemic, COVID-19 articles were reviewed and published at an unprecedently rapid rate, with numerous publications that were available ahead of print referred to as preprints or articles in press. In this Review, we consider peer-reviewed preprints to be equivalent to published peer-reviewed articles, and relevant articles were screened accordingly. Screening procedureMainly, the primary reviewer (S-FT) screened title and abstract for each article to decide whether an article met the inclusion criteria. If the criteria were confirmed, then the article was included; otherwise, it was excluded. Paragraphs in articles were assigned a code representing one of the five themes (eg, I for infodemic), then a code was assigned to the article on the basis of the majority of paragraph codes. Next, quotes were sorted under each code, applying Ose's method. 15 Braun and Clark's thematic analysis method was used and involved searchin...

Purpose Multiple myeloma (MM) remains incurable and its diagnosis relies heavily on bone marrow aspiration and biopsy. CD38 is a glycoprotein highly speci c for MM. Antibody therapeutics (e.g., daratumumab) targeting CD38 have shown encouraging e cacy in treating MM, either as a monotherapy agent or in combination with other regimens. However, e cient strati cation of patients who might bene t from daratumumab therapy and timely monitoring of the therapeutic responses are still clinical challenges. This work aims to devise a CD38-targeted imaging strategy and assess its value in diagnosing MMs.Methods By labeling a CD38-speci c single domain antibody (Nb1053) with 68 Ga (t 1/2 = 1.1 h), we developed a CD38-targeted immuno-positron emission tomography (immunoPET) imaging probe [ 68 Ga]Ga-NOTA-Nb1053. The probe was developed with good radiochemical yield (> 50%), excellent radiochemical purity (> 99%), and immunoreactivity (> 95%). The diagnostic accuracy of the probe was thoroughly investigated in preclinical MM models.Results ImmunoPET imaging with the probe speci cally depicted all the subcutaneous and orthotopic MM lesions, outperforming the traditional 18 F-uorodeoxyglucose PET and the nonspeci c [ 68 Ga]Ga-NOTA-NbGFP immunoPET. More importantly, daratumumab preloading signi cantly reduced [ 68 Ga]Ga-NOTA-Nb1053 uptake in the disseminated bone lesions, indicating the overlapping targeting epitopes of [ 68 Ga]Ga-NOTA-Nb1053 with that of daratumumab. Furthermore, premedication with sodium maleate or fructose signi cantly decreased kidney retention of [ 68 Ga]Ga-NOTA-Nb1053 and improved the diagnostic value of the probe in lymphoma models. ConclusionThis work successfully developed a novel CD38-targeted immunoPET imaging approach that enabled precise visualization of CD38 and diagnosis of MMs. Upon clinical translation, [ 68 Ga]Ga-NOTA-Nb1053 immunoPET may serve as a valuable CD38-targeted molecular imaging toolbox, facilitating early diagnosis of MM and precise assessment of the therapeutic responses.

Background Although immunotherapy has revolutionized treatment strategies for some types of cancers, most patients failed to respond or obtain long-term benefit. Tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T lymphocytes are closely related to the treatment outcome and prognosis of patients. Therefore, noninvasive elucidation of both systemic and tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T lymphocytes is of extraordinary significance for patients during cancer immunotherapy. Herein, a panel of 68Ga-labeled Nanobodies were designed and investigated to track human CD8+ T cells in vivo through immuno-positron emission tomography (immunoPET). Results Among the screened Nanobodies, SNA006a showed the highest binding affinity and specificity to both human CD8 protein and CD8+ cells in vitro, with the equilibrium dissociation constant (KD) of 6.4 × 10−10 M and 4.6 × 10−10 M, respectively. 68Ga-NOTA-SNA006 was obtained with high radiochemical yield and purity, and stayed stable for at least 1 h both in vitro and in vivo. Biodistribution and Micro-PET/CT imaging studies revealed that all tracers specifically concentrated in the CD8+ tumors with low accumulation in CD8− tumors and normal organs except the kidneys, where the tracer was excreted and reabsorbed. Notably, the high uptake of 68Ga-NOTA-SNA006a in CD8+ tumors was rapid and persistent, which reached 24.41 ± 1.00% ID/g at 1.5 h after intravenous injection, resulting in excellent target-to-background ratios (TBRs). More specifically, the tumor-to-muscle, tumor-to-liver, and CD8+ to CD8− tumor was 28.10 ± 3.68, 5.26 ± 0.86, and 19.58 ± 2.70 at 1.5 h, respectively. Furthermore, in the humanized PBMC-NSG and HSC-NPG mouse models, 68Ga-NOTA-SNA006a accumulated in both CD8+ tumors and specific tissues such as liver, spleen and lung where human CD8 antigen was overexpressed or CD8+ T cells located during immunoPET imaging. Conclusions 68Ga-NOTA-SNA006a, a novel Nanobody tracer targeting human CD8 antigen, was developed with high radiochemical purity and high affinity. Compared with other candidates, the long retention time, low background, excellent TBRs of 68Ga-NOTA-SNA006a make it precisely track the human CD8+ T cells in mice models, showing great potential for immunotherapy monitoring and efficacy evaluation.