Background Naturally occurring substances of plant origin have long been used in folk medicine for curing various ailments including fever, pain, and inflammation etc. After careful evaluation on scientific bases, a large number of those substances provides cheaper alternative to currently used synthetic or semi-synthetic agents. Thus, with an aim of discovering alternative medicine for treatment of such ailments, current study was carried out. Euphorbia granulata Forssk. had long been used as a therapeutic agent against various morbid conditions, e.g., anthelmintic, snake bite, scorpion sting, purgative, and diuretic, and as blood purifying agent in folk medicine. The purpose of the current study was to determine the extended therapeutic use of Euphorbia granulata Forssk. based upon scientific evaluation, to explore the potential of its anti-proliferative, analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities while using an aqueous methanol extract of the whole plant. Results In vivo study was performed on female rats of specie Rattus norvegicus weighing (100–150 g). Anti-inflammatory activity of the plant extract was calculated against using carrageenan induced paw edema. Analgesic potential both central and peripheral was assessed by using Eddy’s hot plate method and acetic acid-induced writhing model, respectively. The antipyretic potential was appraised using brewer’s yeast suspension, injected under the nape of the neck, and body temperature was measured using a digital thermometer. The plant extract strengths used for in vivo experiments were 50 mg, 100 mg, and 200 mg/kg (diluted in normal saline) and were administered through intra-peritoneal route. MTT assay was performed to estimate in vitro anti-proliferative potential. For this assay, a serial dilution of the plant extract was used with 100 μg/ml as the highest concentration. In vivo results demonstrated that plant extract at dose strength of 200 mg/kg, showed significant (p* < 0.05) anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic activities. In case of MTT assay, however, no significant anti-proliferative activity (p > 0.05) was observed up to 100 μg/ml dose strength. Conclusion It can be concluded that aqueous methanol extract of Euphorbia granulata (whole plant) have shown significant anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and anti-pyretic activity in animal model. Therefore it can be a potential candidate, as a therapeutic alternative against treatment of algesia, pyrexia, and inflammation of various pathological origin. However, the plant extract did not demonstrate any significant anti-proliferation activity at doses used in this study.

This paper explored thematic parallelism in Kamila five of Shamsies novels i.e. Salt and Saffron, Cartography, Broken Verses, Burnt Shadows, and Home Fire. The paper identify here conflicts, depressions, identity fluctuations and a relentless machination of transformations by the powerful and resisting quarters of the region. The repetitive rule of military in Pakistan, the negative fallouts of engagement in Afghanistans resistance against the Soviets, the alienation of Muhajirs, the national and international catastrophe of 9/11 emerge as the strings that reflect the dilemma of the nomadism of modern times. The tyranny of destructive forces is amply reflected in the parallel desolation of places, characters and cultures. Karachi in its violence is parallel to Tokyo and New York. These parallels sublimate each other in conveying the poignancy of uprootedness and loss of identity. The lexical and syntactic parallels identifiable through corpus tools helped in identifying such parallels.

The use of language persuasively and diplomatically in the form of catchy and attractive political slogans plays a significant role in the politics of democratic states. This study analyzes the political slogans chanted by Pakistan Tehreek-i-Insaf (PTI) and Pakistan Muslim League-Noon (PML-N) during the 2018 election campaign with the purpose to analyze Pakistan's political slogans from a semantic perspective to highlight the semantic properties and analyze the use of political slogans for presenting positive-self and a negative image of others. Data in the form of slogans were collected by random sampling technique. The data was analyzed semantically by following Leech's (1981) theory of meaning. It was revealed that political slogans are composed persuasively and diplomatically to communicate connotative, reflected, social, affective and collocative meanings. It was also found that Political slogans in Pakistan are chanted for portraying a positive image of themselves and a negative image of others.

The paper revisits the diachronic evolution of the belief, practices, and attitudes of Urdu and Pashto speakers towards English and ascertains the drivers and effects of such changes. The changes are explored at two levels, micro and macro. The macro-level perspective concerns the 'use' interface while the microlevel concerns the 'code'. The study hinges on the theory of contact linguistics' approaches such as language shift, hybridization and domain conquest. In the wake of this study, the scholars revisit the value of 'Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scales' (GIDS) in the assessment of language prospects of survival. The study finds that Pashto and Urdu both underwent substantial changes as a result of contact with the English language. The study also proposes revisiting definitions of some popular terms used in the evaluation of language policy and planning as the proposal to use more discrete terms that can be easily understood and applied by the practitioners of the fields, such as the distinction of language attitude and belief

The present study deals with the analysis of Thomas Hardys short story “Netty Sargents Copyhold”. To have a deconstructive analysis of the short story, Barrys (2002) three levelsof analysis, i.e., verbal, textual and linguistic, have been used. It was found that the story has words with contradictory and confusing meaning entrenched in the British values. Also, the story has a diversion in ideas and grammar. However, no such examples of the third level were found in the story. In short, the story has words, grammar, and other ideas which give it a loose structure when reading from the perspective of deconstruction, which lead the researchers to conclude that the work is a fine specimen of the spirit of the Victorian age.