China has witnessed the orchestration of city-regionalism and two different regionalscale mechanisms have influenced this integration and cooperation: the top-down state-mandated process and the bottom-up process initiated by local governments. However, this has not been a smooth process and it is shaped by the internal politics generated by China's state configurations. Using the Yangtze River Delta as a case study, this paper argues that China's territorial administrative divisions are a historical configuration that is essential to understand the efforts to construct city-regions as well as to understand the failure to create a new subnational state space.

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