The use of a rapid and accurate method in diagnosis and classification of species and/or cultivars of forage has practical relevance, scientific and trade in various areas of study. Thus, leaf samples of fodder plant species Brachiaria were previously identified, collected and scanned to be treated by means of artificial vision to make the database and be used in subsequent classifications. Forage crops used were: Brachiaria decumbens cv. IPEAN; Brachiaria ruziziensis Germain & Evrard; Brachiaria Brizantha (Hochst. ex. A. Rich.) Stapf; Brachiaria arrecta (Hack.) Stent. and Brachiaria spp. The images were analyzed by the fractal descriptors method, where a set of measures are obtained from the values of the fractal dimension at different scales. Therefore such values are used as inputs for a state-of-the-art classifier, the Support Vector Machine, which finally discriminates the images according to the respective species.
RESUMO:Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da omissão de macronutrientes no crescimento e no estado nutricional da couve-flor, bem como descrever sintomas visuais de deficiência nutricional, foi conduzido um experimento em casa de vegetação, em solução nutritiva. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com sete tratamentos, que corresponderam à solução completa e à omissão individual de N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S, com três repetições. Foram avaliados a altura das plantas, o número de folhas, a área foliar, a massa seca da parte aérea, das raízes e planta inteira, os teores dos macronutrientes da parte aérea e raízes e descritas as desordens nutricionais. As omissões individuais de N, P, K, Ca e Mg foram as mais limitantes para o crescimento vegetativo da couve-flor, reduzindo consideravelmente a altura, o número de folhas, área foliar, assim como massa seca da parte aérea, raízes e planta inteira. Foram observados sintomas de deficiência nutricional de cada elemento. Os teores dos macronutrientes na parte aérea do tratamento completo e com omissão dos nutrientes foram respectivamente: N = 36,3 -11,0; P = 5,0 -1,0; K = 37,0 -4,7; Ca = 26,0 -5,7; Mg = 5,3 -1,0; S = 15 -3,0 g kg -1 .Palavras-chave: Brassica oleracea. Deficiência nutricional. Nutrição mineral. Hidroponia. ASSESSMENT OF NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF PLANTS OF CAULIFLOWER GROWN IN NUTRIENT SOLUTION SUPRIMIDAS OF MACRONUTRIENTS SUMMARY:An experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions, to evaluate the effects of macronutrient omission on cauliflower nutritional status and development, as well as describe nutritional deficiency symptoms. The experiment was arranged in completely randomized design with three replications and seven treatments, corresponding to complete nutritive solution and individual N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S omission. Plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, shoot, root and whole plant dry mass and macronutrient levels were determined and nutritional deficiency symptoms were described. Individual omissions of N, P, K or Ca were the most limiting for cauliflower growth, considerably reducing plant height, number of leaves, and shoot, root and whole plant dry mass. Nutritional deficiency symptoms were observed for each element. Shoot macronutrient levels in control and nutrient omission treatments were, respectively: N = 36.3 -11.0; P = 5.0 -1.0; K = 37.0 -4.7; Ca = 26.0 -5.7; Mg = 5.3 -1.0; S = 15.0 -3.0 g kg -1 .
RESUMO -A correção da acidez superficial e subsuperficial do solo, em especial para culturas perenes, é fundamental para garantir o rápido estabelecimento do pomar e a precocidade da produção de frutos. O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar os efeitos da calagem na implantação e formação de um pomar de caramboleiras (Averrhoa carambola) e seus reflexos no solo, na planta, na produção de frutos, bem como determinar a duração do efeito residual da aplicação inicial do calcário. O experimento foi realizado na Estação Experimental de Citricultura de Bebedouro, São Paulo, em um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico (V inicial = 26% na camada de 0-20cm), no período de agosto/1999 a julho/2006. As doses de calcário empregadas foram: 0; 1,85; 3,71; 5,56 e 7,41 t ha -1 . Durante 78 meses após a aplicação do corretivo, foram realizadas análises químicas de solo, bem como a avaliação do estado nutricional e da produção de frutos durante cinco safras agrícolas. A calagem proporcionou melhoria das características químicas do solo, elevando o pH, Ca, Mg, V% e diminuindo o H+Al, até 60 cm de profundidade. Os teores foliares de Ca e Mg aumentaram, correlacionando-se positivamente com a produção de frutos. A maior produção acumulada de carambolas esteve associada à saturação por bases de 40 e 53% na linha e na entrelinha do pomar de caramboleiras, respectivamente. Termos para Indexação: Averrhoa carambola, acidez do solo, calcário, nutrição. REPONSE OF STAR FRUIT TREES TO LIMINGABSTRACT -The correction of the superficial and subsurface acidity of the soil, especially for perennial crops, is essential to ensure the fast establishment of the orchard and the early production of fruits. The present work aimed to evaluate the effects of liming in the implantation and formation of a star fruit orchard (Averrhoa carambola) and its reflections in the soil, the plant, the fruit production, as well as determining the duration of the residual effect of the initial application of the calcareous rock. The experiment was conducted at the Citrus Experimental Station in Bebedouro, São Paulo, in a Typic Haplustox (V initial = 26% in the 0 to 20 cm layer) between August 1999 and July 2006. The doses of limestone were: 0, 1.85, 3.71, 5.56 and 7.41 t ha -1 . During 78 months after the implementation of the corrective soil chemical analyses were performed as well as the evaluation of the nutritional status and the fruit production during five agricultural harvests. The liming provided the improvement of the chemical characteristics of the soil, raising pH, Ca, Mg, V% and reducing the H+Al, down to 60 cm deep. The leaf levels of Ca and Mg increased, correlating itself positively with the fruit yield. The highest combined star fruit production was associated with base saturation of 40 and 53% in the line and between the line of the star fruit orchard, respectively. Index Terms: Averrhoa carambola, soil acidity, limestone, mineral nutrition. INTRODUÇÃODentre as principais características das frutas tropicais apreciadas em todo o mundo estão a cor, o sabor, o a...
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