In this elaboration, effective methods of in vitro propagation of a Paulownia tomentosa × Paulownia fortunei hybrid are presented, and the variable costs of commercial production evaluated. Plant regeneration of the P. tomentosa × P. fortunei hybrid was achieved through organogenesis in nodal explants. Different concentrations of BAP (6-benzylaminopurine), 0.2, 0.5, 1 mg/L, and light conditions were investigated. The best results were obtained using a half-strength MS medium containing 0.5 mg/L BAP. In standard light conditions, 2 shoots were grown with 3.5 culturable nodes on each, and in 70% reduced light, 2 new shoots were grown with 6 culturable nodes on each. Rooting was successfully achieved when using a hormone-free half-strength MS medium containing vitamin, and 2% sucrose with 95% efficiency. Acclimatization and survival were shown to be 90% in regenerated plants. The cost of production of a single plant of P. tomentosa × P.fortunei hybrid grown in standard light conditions was $0.084 and $0.082 when grown in 70% reduced light where only variable costs were considered. Two major factors affecting P. tomentosa × P fortunei hybrid micropropagation is labor, materials and chemicals. Focusing on reducing this cost can highly lower plantlet price.

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The objective of the study was to compare the productivity of horticultural farms in Poland and selected EU countries with the highest horticultural production, ie France, Spain, Netherlands, Germany and Italy. The general characteristics of horticultural farms, the productivity of the basic factors of horticultural production and the production profitability have been analized. It has been shown that Polish horticultural farms are characterized by several or even a dozen times lower level of productivity of land, capital and labor than in other EU countries.

No abstract

In the conditions of growing globalization and export-oriented nature of the Polish horticulture systematic studies of the competitive position of horticultural businesses are necessary, including cost competitiveness. The paper presents the vertical and horizontal analysis of the costs in horticultural farms in six EU countries, the largest fruit and vegetable producers. It has been shown that Poland still has a favorable competitive position in terms of costs, but their relatively fast growth and increasing production cost-effectiveness gradually make it lower.