Elevating the discharge voltage plateau is regarded as the most effective strategy to improve the energy density of Li||CF x batteries in consideration of the finite capacity of CF x (x ∼ 1) cathodes. Here, an electrolyte, with LiBF4 in 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone (DMI)/1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME), is developed for the first time to substantially promote the discharge voltage of CF x without compromising the available discharge capacity. DME possesses the property of low viscosity, while DMI functions to increase the voltage plateau during discharge owing to its moderate nucleophilicity and donor number, which decreases the energy barrier for breaking C–F bonds. The optimized electrolyte exhibits a significantly high average discharge voltage of 2.69 V at a current density of 10 mA g–1, which is 11.6% higher than the control electrolyte (2.41 V). In addition, a high energy density of 2099 Wh kg–1 is achieved in the optimized electrolyte (vs 1905 Wh kg–1 in the control electrolyte), showing great potential for practical applications.

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Crustacean female sex hormone (CFSH) plays a pivotal role in the development of secondary sex characteristics in dioecious crustaceans. However, until now the knowledge concerning its functions in hermaphroditic species is scanty. Herein, we explored the function of CFSH (Lvit-CFSH1a) in the peppermint shrimp Lysmata vittata, a species characterized by a rare reproductive system of protandric simultaneous hermaphroditism (PSH). Lvit-CFSH1a cDNA was 1,220-bp in length with a 720-bp ORF encoded a polypeptide of 239-aa. RT-PCR showed that Lvit-CFSH1a was exclusively expressed in the eyestalk ganglion. For female physiology, it was found that Lvit-CFSH1a was indispensable for the development of female gonopores, but it might not involve vitellogenesis of the species. For male physiology, Lvit-CFSH1a suppressed Lvit-IAG2 expression in short-term silencing experiment and recombinant protein injection experiment, but did not affect male sexual differentiation in long-term silencing experiment. In addition, silencing the Lvit-CFSH1a gene impeded individual growth in L. vittata.

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