This summary of published professional practice models provides a guide for nurse leaders who seek to develop a professional practice model. The essential elements of a professional practice model; theoretical foundation and six common components, are clearly described. These elements can provide the starting point for nurse leaders' discussions with staff to shape a professional practice model that is meaningful to direct care nurses.

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This study highlights the need to educate both the patient and the wider public, not only to seek prompt care but to also to call the emergency ambulance to arrange transport to the emergency department.