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The results of the first cross-campus survey of student opinions on Zero Textbook Cost (ZTC) courses are in: City University of New York (CUNY) students like their ZTC courses, primarily for the cost savings and ease of access. The survey results yield rich data about how positively students feel about their Zero Textbook Cost (ZTC) courses as well as ways to improve the design and delivery of Zero Textbook Cost courses to make them more beneficial for student learning.

Deacetylation, with dilute aqueous alkali, of either the 0or the S-acetyl derivative of 2-mercaptoethanol leads to the formation of ethylene sulphide and polymeric material. cycZoHexene sulphide is obtained in good yield by deacetylation of the 0or S-acetyl derivative of trans-2-mercaptocycZohexano1 with hot aqueous sodium carbonate ; under more vigorous conditions the sulphide undergoes further reactions. Anomalous results reported earlier in the alkaline deacetylation of triacetyl 2 : 3-dimercaptopropanol (triacetyl BAL) have been fully explained ; the initial product is 3-acetylthiopropylene sulphide, which under mild conditions can be isolated (yield SO%), but otherwise reacts further to give 3-hydroxy-2 : 2' : 3'-trimercaptodipropyl sulphide and more complex products. 3-Acetylthiopropylene sulphide is also formed from the di-S-acetyl derivative of 2 : 3-dimercaptopropanol, whilst 2 : 3-dimercaptopropyl acetate gives 3-mercaptopropylene sulphide. The 0and di-S-acetyl derivatives of 3 : 4-dimercaptobutanol give 3-mercaptothiophan, the ring structure of which is proved by partial desulphurisation to thiophan. Cyclisation does not occur on alkaline deacetylation of the 0or the S-acetyl derivative of 2-hydroxy-2'-mercaptodiethyl sulphide. The formation of cyclic sulphides occurs through intramolecular elimination of acetic acid, and involves ester fission of the O-alkyl type.

Adsorption isotherms have been obtained for two direct dyes on unmercerised cotton and viscose yarns at the boil in the presence of sodium chloride. Both dyes, CI Direct Red 81 and CI Direct Green 26, show evidence of monomolecular layer adsorption. Controlled acid hydrolysis of cotton was carried out in order to remove non-crystalline cellulose, and dye sorption values were obtained for the residues. Accessible surface areas have been calculated from the saturation values obtained from the reciprocal plots of the adsorption data. The results are interpreted in terms of a crystalline fibril model of the cotton fibre.

Professional identity development (PID), which involves transformational learning, is crucial for counselors and trainees. However most current training approaches focus more on specific tasks related to PID without focusing on the transformational learning aspect. Mindfulness is an important component for transformational learning; however, limited effort has been focused on its likely impact on PID. This conceptual article describes the need for integrating mindfulness into PID, and explains applications of mindfulness practices in assisting counselors to enhance development of a professional identity in the course of completing transformational tasks through a transformative learning process. Recommendations for future practice and research are included.