We tested two hypotheses using surface electrical stimulation in chronic pharyngeal dysphagia: that stimulation 1) lowered the hyoid bone and/or larynx when applied at rest, and 2) increased aspiration, penetration or pharyngeal pooling during swallowing. Bipolar surface electrodes were placed on the skin overlying the submandibular and laryngeal regions. Maximum tolerated levels of stimulation were applied while patients held their mouth closed at rest. Videofluoroscopic recordings were used to measure hyoid movements in the superior-inferior (s-i) and anterior-posterior (a-p) dimensions and the subglottic air column (s-i) position while stimulation was on and off. Patients swallowed 5 ml liquid when stimulation was off, at low sensory stimulation levels, and at maximum tolerated levels (motor). Speech pathologists blinded to condition, tallied the frequency of aspiration, penetration, pooling and esophageal entry from videofluorographic recordings of swallows. Only significant (p=0.0175) hyoid depression occurred during stimulation at rest. Aspiration and pooling were significantly reduced only with low sensory threshold levels of stimulation (p=0.025) and not during maximum levels of surface electrical stimulation. Those patients who had reduced aspiration and penetration during swallowing with stimulation had greater hyoid depression during stimulation at rest (p= 0.006). Stimulation may have acted to resist patients' hyoid elevation during swallowing.

Surface electrical stimulation is currently used in therapy for swallowing problems, although little is known about its physiological effects on neck muscles or swallowing. Previously, when one surface electrode placement was used in dysphagic patients at rest, it lowered the hyolaryngeal complex. Here we examined the effects of nine other placements in normal volunteers to determine 1) whether movements induced by surface stimulation using other placements differ, and 2) whether lowering the hyolaryngeal complex by surface electrical stimulation interfered with swallowing in healthy adults. Ten bipolar surface electrode placements overlying the submental and laryngeal regions were tested. Maximum tolerated stimulation levels were applied at rest while participants held their mouths closed. Videofluoroscopic recordings were used to measure hyoid bone and subglottic air column (laryngeal) movements from resting position and while swallowing 5 ml of liquid barium, with and without stimulation. Videofluoroscopic recordings of swallows were rated blind to condition using the National Institutes of Health-Swallowing Safety Scale. Significant (P < 0.0001) laryngeal and hyoid descent occurred with stimulation at rest. During swallowing, significant (P

Spasmodic dysphonia is a chronic and potentially disabling focal laryngeal dystonia. The Mayo Clinic Arizona SD experience compares to prior reports and reveals a female preponderance, onset in middle age, infrequent hereditary pattern, high co-occurrence of VT, and low co-occurrence of other dystonias.

Specialists without guidelines had poor agreement when classifying patients for research, leading to a Delphi-based development of the Spasmodic Dysphonia Attributes Inventory for classifying patients with ADSD, ABSD, VT, and MTD for research.