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The aims of this study were to investigate the uptake of seven trace elements and five PAHs in crop plants in order to establish advice regarding consumption of fruit and vegetables grown in soils contaminated by trace elements and PAHs. In a field experiment, vegetables were grown in two contaminated soils and in a reference soil, whereas fruits were collected from uncontaminated and contaminated private gardens. The results showed elevated levels of several trace elements and PAHs in the vegetables from contaminated soil. Bioconcentration factors (BCF values), based on dry weight, were below 1, except for those of Cd in lettuce and carrot with peel from uncontaminated soil. In most cases, BCF values were decreasing with increasing concentrations in soil. From the heavily contaminated soil, BCF values for Pb in lettuce, potato, and carrot with peel were 0.001, 0.002, and 0.05, respectively, and those for benzo[a]pyrene were 0.004, 0.002, and 0.002, respectively. For most metals in most vegetables, linear regression showed good correlation between soil and crop concentrations. For PAHs, such good correlation was generally not found. The contents of contaminants in fruits were generally low and no correlation with the level of contamination in the soils was found.

Results are presented of laboratory, semi‐field and field tests to assess the side effects of pesticides on beneficial organisms obtained during the third testing programme of the Working Group “Pesticides and Beneficial Organisms” of the International Organization for Biological Control (IOBC), West Palaearctic Regional Section (WPRS). The programme included 22 pesticides, 19 beneficial organisms, and was carried out by 19 group members in 9 European countries. Beside the results of the third testing programme, data on the side effects of 62 pesticides tested in all three joint programmes carried out between 1977 and 1985 are summarized in 7 different croporientated tables. These tables include beneficial organisms that are relevant to, and pesticides that are used on (a) vegetable crops (especially Brassica spp.), (b) glasshouse crops, (c) top fruit, (d) cereals, (e) root and forage crops (sugar‐beet, potato, rape, corn), (f) vine and (g) forestry. Among the 62 pesticides tested, the following 25 compounds were of limited persistence and/or were relatively less toxic to the natural enemies tested: Dipel (Bacillus thuringiensis), Torque (fenbutatin oxide, AAzomate (benzoximate), Dimilin (diflubenzuron), Tedion V 18 (tetradifon), Kelthane (dicofol), Spruzit‐Nova‐flüssig (pyrethrum + piperonylbutoxide), Pirimor‐Granulat (pirimicarb), Nimrod (bupirimate), Bayleton (triadimefon), Ronilan (vinclozolin), Orthocid 83 (captan), Cercobin‐M (thiophanat‐methyl), Ortho Difolatan (captafol), Derosal (carbendazim), Daconil 500 (chlorothalonil), Plondrel (ditalimfos), Pomarsol forte (thiram), Dithane Ultra (mancozeb), Illoxan (diclofop‐methyl), Semeron (desmetryn), Betanal (phenmedipham), Kerb 50 W (propyzamid), Cycocel Extra (chlormequat), Rhodofix (naphthyl acetic acid). Zusammenfassung Ergebnisse des dritten gemeinsamen Prüfungsprogrammes für Pflanzenschutzmittel der IOBC/WRPS‐Arbeitsgruppe “Pflanzenschutzmittel und Nutzorganismen” Im Rahmen eines dritten gemeinsamen Prüfprogrammes der Arbeitsgruppe “Pflanzenschutzmittel und Nutzorganismen” der Internationalen Organisation für Biologische Schädlingsbekämpfung wurden Pflanzenschutzmittel in Labor‐, Halbfreiland‐ und Freilandprüfverfahren auf Nebenwirkungen gegenüber Nutzorganismen getestet. Die Ergebnisse der Prüfungen von 22 Präparaten an 19 verschiedenen Nutzorganismen, die von 19 Gruppenmitgliedern in 9 europäischen Ländern erarbeitet wurden, werden dargestellt. In dieser Arbeit sind außerdem die bisher in drei gemeinsamen Prüfprogrammen erzielten Ergebnisse von insgesamt 62 Präparaten in 7 verschiedenen, auf Kulturen bezogenen, Tabellen zusammengefaßt. In diesen Tabellen sind nur solche Präparate bzw. Nutzorganismen angegeben, die in den entsprechenden Kulturen bzw. Kulturgruppen angewandt werden bzw. dort von Bedeutung sind. Es wurden Tabellen erstellt für Gemüse im Freiland, Gemüse unter Glas, Obst, Getreide, Hackfrüchte + Futterpflanzen, Weinbau und Forst.

The side effects of 9 insecticides, 8 fungicides and 4 herbicides on 19 different beneficial arthropods and 1 entomopathogenic fungus were tested by the IOBC/WPRS Working Group “Pesticides and Beneficial Organisms”. Twenty research workers from 13 countries participated. A combination of 5 different types of test methods was used: a. laboratory, exposed life stage of the organism, b. laboratory, less exposed life stage, c. semi‐field, initial toxicity, d. semi‐field, persistence (duration of harmful activity), e. field. Although nearly all the insecticides tested were harmful to most of the beneficial insects tested, especially in the first test, few of them were shown to be less harmful or less persistent in further testing. The fungicides Milgo‐E (ethirimol) and Trimidal EC (nuarimol) which are used on cereal crops as well as Rubigan Vloeibaar (fenarimol) and Ortho‐Phaltan 50 (folpet) which are used in fruit orchards were found to be harmless to all beneficial organisms relevant for these crops tested in the experiments and can be recommended for use in integrated control programmes. With different predatory mites, there was clear agreement between the results of laboratory, semi‐field and field experiments. The insecticides Asepta Nexion (bromophos), Birlane EC 40 (chlorfenvinphos), Dursban Spritzpulver (chlorpyrifos), Ambush C (cypermethrin), Basudine Vloeibaar (diazinon), Perfekthion (dimethoate), Phosdrine W 10 (mevinphos), Dimecron 20 (phosphamidon), Hostathion (triazophos) as well as the fungicide Polyram‐Combi (metiram) were found to be harmful to predatory mites in all types of tests. The fungicides Milgo‐E (ethirimol), Corbel (fenpropimorph) and Trimidal EC (nuarimol) were harmless. The agreement of results between the laboratory, semi‐field and field tests indicated that, at least with predatory mites, reliable results can also be expected on the harmfulness of pesticides from laboratory experiments. The results also showed that 6 insecticides, 1 fungicide and 2 herbicides were harmless to the entomopathogenic fungus Verticillium lecanii. Zusammenfassung Ergebnisse des vierten gemeinsamen Prüfprogrammes von Pflanzenschutzmitteln durch die IOBC/WPRS‐Arbeitsgruppe “Pflanzenschutzmittel und Nutzorganismen” Neun Insektizide, 8 Fungizide und 4 Herbizide wurden auf Nebenwirkungen gegenüber 19 verschiedenen Nutzarthropoden und einem entomopathogenen Pilz von Mitgliedern der internationalen IOBC/WPRS‐Arbeitsgruppe “Pflanzenschutzmittel und Nutzorganismen” geprüft. An diesen Versuchen nahmen 20 Wissenschaftler aus 13 Ländern teil. Eine Kombination folgender 5 Arten von Prüfmethoden fand hierbei Verwendung: a. Labor, stark gefährdete Nützlingsstadien, b. Labor, weniger gefährdete Nützlingsstadien, c. Halbfreiland, Initialwirkung, d. Halbfreiland, Persistenz (Schadwirkungsdauer), e. Freiland. Während fast alle geprüften Insektizide gegenüber den meisten Nutzinsekten stark schädigend waren, besonders im Test a., konnte in weiteren Prüfungen bei einigen Präparaten ein geringerer Schädigungsgrad bzw. eine ...

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