Background: Fixed orthodontic components used in orthodontic treatment often act as a nidus for the retention of plaque and biofilm thereby resulting in Plaque associated gingivitis. This is because of the classic interplay of the host and the microbial ecosystem around the components. The common gingival changes in color, contour, texture, shape & size should alarm the patient and concerned orthodontist to prevent its further progression. The orthodontist and the patient should be made aware of the undesirable complications associated with the gingival response to the treatment. Materials and Methods: This Questionnaire study was performed to assess the common gingival problems faced by the patients undergoing fixed orthodontic therapy. Results: Our study revealed that the majority of patients of both groups were cautious in maintaining good oral hygiene. A small group of patients of both groups of treatment complained of food lodgment and also experienced pain, sometimes itchy and swollen gums with bleeding from the gums. Conclusion: Oral health lies majorly in the hands of the patient by ensuring correct, efficient and meticulous oral hygiene practices. Every orthodontic patient should be motivated and educated with regards to the changes that occur in the gingiva with respect to the orthodontic treatment and good oral hygiene practices.

Background: Class II malocclusion is one of the most common problems around the globe affecting around one-third of the patients who come for orthodontic treatment Management of class II malocclusion in adolescent patients by growth modulation is one of the most debated topics in orthodontics. Noncompliance has been a major concern for orthodontists. Case Report: This case report describes the management of class II malocclusion in an 18 year old female patient using "Forsus" fixed functional appliance system to correct her class II malocclusion. The patient was well beyond her growing years, hence the fixed functional appliance bought more of dento-alveolar changes rather than much of skeletal changes. This appliance has several advantages, as it is an operator handled device and the patient cannot remove it. It acts on the teeth and jaws for 24 hours a day, patient compliance is not a problem, and hence treatment duration is shorter. Conclusion: The profile changes and treatment results were demonstrated. This case report illustrates that, fixed functional appliances have a significant role in the management of class II malocclusion by not only promoting growth modulation, but also encouraging dento-alveolar changes once growth has completed. Both growth modulation and dento-alveolar correction minimizes the necessity of extraction of permanent teeth and probably orthognathic surgery. With proper case selection and good patient cooperation, we can obtain a significant result with the Forsus Fixed appliance. Clinical significance: Fixed functional appliances have a significant role in the management of class II malocclusion. It eliminates the massive compliance needed in removable fixed appliance therapy. Nonetheless, the growth modulation minimizes the necessity of extraction of permanent teeth and probably orthognathic surgery.

This case report is of a 19 year old female patient who presented with forwardly placed and crowded upper and lower front teeth with an unaesthetic facial profile and a non-consonant smile arc .This case was corrected non surgically merely by employing simple mechanics with the help of Fixed Orthodontic Mechanotherapy by extracting the maxillary 1 st premolars and mandibular right 1 st premolar followed by retraction and closure of spaces with the help of "Omega loops" bilaterally in the maxillary arch and on the right side in the mandibular arch. 3 premolar extractions were sufficient for proper finishing of this case. The case ended in a Class II Molar and Class I canine relationship. The case report emphasizes on the efficient space closure with the help of loops, thus minimizing friction which is a common problem during routine fixed orthodontic treatment and retraction with the help of Elastomeric chain that increases friction between the wire and bracket slot. Following fixed orthodontic treatment, marked improvement in patient's smile, facial profile and lip competence were achieved and there was a remarkable increase in the patient's confidence and quality of life. The profile changes and treatment results were demonstrated with proper case selection and good patient cooperation with fixed appliance therapy. The patient was extremely satisfied with the results and there was significant improvement in the unaesthetic narrow appearing buccal corridor space at the end of the treatment.

The fight against the novel coronavirus and the disruption in our daily routine and practise due to lockdown has been mentally exhausting especially for ambitious students pursuing higher studies. The lockdown period came in suddenly giving no chance to be prepared for the worst. Post-graduate students of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics could be badly hit by this lockdown period disrupting the entire treatment course of patients undergoing orthodontic treatment, which needs monthly visits to the orthodontist.To understand the concerns of the students pursuing MDS in Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics about their work, academics and the effect of the lockdown on their future, we performed a questionnaire study. The Questionnaire was circulated to 110 Post graduate students pursuing MDS in Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics who were currently in the 2nd year of their Post graduate training program.In the present study it was found that around 61.3% of participants panicked about the workload of patients they possibly might have to deal with once college resumed and 29% students were worried about the risk of contracting the infection after resuming to work after the lockdown is lifted. Additionally, around 68.4 & 73.6% students were insecure about the completion of their undergoing cases and thesis till the end of the term respectively and around half of the students were worried that the patients may not turn up for the exam due to the lapse in treatment. A small proportion of students (15.8%) are apprehensive of being homesick after college resumes.Covid-19 lockdown has definitely affected post-graduate students creating a lot of confusion and apprehension in their minds regarding the pending cases and academic work. The uncertainty to cope with it, is still the question left unanswered.

Magnets have been widely used in orthodontics, there have been concerns regarding their safety and possible harmful effects. Magnets are used in number of conditions like, Relocation of Unerupted teeth; Space closure with magnets; Molar intrusion and correction of anterior open bite; Molar distalization; Maxillary expansion; Functional appliances for correction of Class II malocclusion; Functional Appliances for Class III malocclusions; Treatment of obstructive sleep apnea, snoring; Extrusion of crown-root fractured teeth; Closure of mid-line diastema; Correction of hemifacial microsomia. At present the most promising clinical uses for these magnets are mainly confined to tooth movement for impacted teeth, and Class II and Class III malocclusions, as well as for treatment of open bite cases. In particular the long term effects of correction of open bite with magnetic appliances have to be evaluated.