This paper presents a novel methodology for the spatial power network planning problem based on the raster map in geographic information systems (GIS). Considering candidate lines and cell linkages, the proposed spatial power network planning model integrates the optimal electric line routing and the power network evaluation, with the objective of the minimum line investment cost. The network connectivity with candidate line routes and the hourly network evaluation for peak power loads are considered to ensure the feasibility of the line path and the security of power systems. The derived mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) formulation is transformed into a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) problem by integer algebra techniques. Furthermore, in order to improve the computational efficiency, a tighter MILP formulation with the proposed enhanced line routing constraints is proposed. Numerical case studies illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach for the spatial power network planning problem.Index Terms-Geographic information systems, mixed-integer linear programming (MILP), power distribution planning, power transmission planning, routing.

Objectives Successful pregnancy involves the homeostasis between maternal decidua and fetoplacental units, whose disruption contributes to compromised pregnancy outcomes, including recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA). The role of cell heterogeneity of maternal decidua in RSA is yet to be illustrated. Materials and methods A total of 66,078 single cells from decidua samples isolated from patients with RSA and healthy controls were analysed by unbiased single‐cell RNA sequencing (scRNA‐seq). Results Our scRNA‐seq results revealed that stromal cells are the most abundant cell type in decidua during early pregnancy. RSA samples are accompanied by aberrant decidualization and obviously obstructed communication between stromal cells and other cell types, such as abnormal activation of macrophages and NK cells. In addition, the over‐activated TNF superfamily member 12 (TNFSF12, TWEAK) and FASLG in RSA are closely related to stromal cell demise and pregnancy failure. Conclusions Our research reveals that the cell composition and communications in normal and RSA decidua at early pregnancy and provides insightful information for the pathology of RSA and will pave the way for pregnancy loss prevention.

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Abstract. In electronic marketplaces, after each transaction buyers will rate the products provided by the sellers. To decide the most trustworthy sellers to transact with, buyers rely on trust models to leverage these ratings to evaluate the reputation of sellers. Although the high effectiveness of different trust models for handling unfair ratings have been claimed by their designers, recently it is argued that these models are vulnerable to more intelligent attacks, and there is an urgent demand that the robustness of the existing trust models has to be evaluated in a more comprehensive way. In this work, we classify the existing trust models into two broad categories and propose an extendable e-marketplace testbed to evaluate their robustness against different unfair rating attacks comprehensively. On top of highlighting the robustness of the existing trust models for handling unfair ratings is far from what they were claimed to be, we further propose and validate a novel combination mechanism for the existing trust models, Discount-then-Filter, to notably enhance their robustness against the investigated attacks.