In this study, the fate of paichongding was investigated in three soils with contrasting soil properties. In general, low soil pH has the potential to retard the mineralization and promote the dissipation of paichongding and the formation of its primary transformation product and to accelerate the formation of bound residue. The dissipation of paichongding stereoisomers was very fast and diastereoselective. This selectivity was found only between diastereomers and not between enantiomers and was observed to be soil dependent. In the acidic soil, the enantiomers (5R,7R)- and (5S,7S)-paichongding were degraded more quickly than (5R,7S)- and (5S,7R)-paichongding, whereas a contrary trend was observed in the neutral soil, and such selectivity did not occur in the alkaline soil. The OM and clay contents also played important roles in the fate of paichongding. This effect of soil properties should be considered in risk assessment of chiral pesticides and their application in the field.

Background: To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of camrelizumab versus chemotherapy for patients with advanced or metastatic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) from the perspective of health system and to provide a basis for health decisions in China.Methods: A Markov model of 3 health states throughout the lifetime was established based on data from the ESCORT trial. Life-years, quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), and lifetime costs were estimated. The time horizon of lifetime was 5 years and each model cycle represented 2 months. The cost and utility value adopted a 5% discount rate per year. One-way sensitivity analysis and probability sensitivity analysis were used to test the robustness of the results. Results:The results of the cost-effectiveness analysis revealed that the camrelizumab group produced a gain of 2.93 QALY, at a cost of $37,809.12 USD, and the chemotherapy group gained 2.85 QALY, at a cost of $3,7071.52 USD. Camrelizumab was more cost-effective than chemotherapy for patients with advanced or metastatic ESCC. The results of one-way sensitivity analyses showed that the cost of camrelizumab, cost of chemotherapy and utility of progression-free survival (PFS) state were the top three parameters influencing the model. The probability sensitivity analysis results showed that the results of the basic case analysis were stable.Conclusions: Under the willingness to pay threshold of three times per capita GDP of China, camrelizumab as second-line treatment could provide more health benefits for advanced or metastatic ESCC in China.

No abstract

No abstract

In this thesis, taking Guishan Han tomb 3D Visualization Simulation System as an example,partial instance technology based on level of detail (PIT-LOD) is studied. The 'realistic' and 'real time' of VR system could be reached at the same time by combining these two approaches together.Based on study of level of detail (LOD) and instance technology, the PIT-LOD is further discussed. Firstly, objects in scene are classified according to its physical position; then, several models are developed for these classes by means of level of detail; after that, those models are simplified; finally, objects of same class in other positions are relocated through matrix transformation.After applying the PIT-LOD in Guishan Han tomb 3D Visualization Simulation System, the jump problem in LOD is resolved in some extent and the time spend on matrix transformation time in Instance Technology is reduced. So, the PIT-LOD can improve the 'real time' and 'realistic' of the VR system.