Grasslands, located in different physical and geographical conditions, can be affected by a number of natural factors such as: arid climate, catastrophic floods, permanent or temporary excess moisture, soil erosion, acidification, salting, invasion of valuable grassy and woody vegetation, water imbalance, pollution and more. In this context, the purpose of the research is to identify the vulnerabilities of the grasslands in the plain area, based on ecological factors: landform, geology, climate, soil, with influence on the vegetation ground cover. The experimental sites in this study were selected so that they could define the lowland areas of Banat as a whole. The working methodology was divided into two stages. In the first phase, the physical-geographical conditions were analyzed at the level of the Timiş plain, and in the second phase, the geospatial information for the meadow surfaces was extracted from the experimental device: plot geometry, including area calculation, minimum, maximum and average altitude, minimum maximum and average slope, climatic conditions (air temperature and atmospheric precipitation), geological substrate and soils, vegetation aspects and mode of operation It was found that grasslands are vulnerable to the following groups of factors and/or processes: flood hazard, in the case of grasslands on alluviosols; deficiency or excess moisture; in the case of high temperatures, due to low rainfall, the decrease in the amount of biomass of grasslands in the second and third cycles of grazing. For all risk factors, measures to combat or mitigate adverse effects have been specified.

In the Mountainous Banat, the grasslands have a decisive influence on the area, both due to the significant areas occupied at regional level and due to the role they had and have in the mountain economy of the area. The inhabitants of the area capitalized on the resources offered by them (fodder, honey plants, berries, firewood) laying the foundations of an original pastoral life. The purpose of the research can be defined by two objectives: (1) the location and spatial representation of the lands, depending on the use and especially of the surfaces used as grasslands, by GIS techniques and means; (2) quantitative assessment of grassland areas as the main resource of mountain areas, "multifunctional" resources, both in the traditional sense and in the context of sustainable development. The surface of the study area is 42619 ha and overlaps over four administrativeterritorial units (ATU): Anina, Goruia, Ciudanoviţa and Oraviţa. The land use maps were drawn up, in GIS environment, initially at ATU level, and later, in order to create an overview of the entire region, quantitative data reports were generated, by land use categories. The use categories "Pastures" and "Natural grasslands" were followed in particular, in accordance with the purpose of the research. In the land balance of the study area, the forest areas predominate, and the grasslands, with all their subcategories, are on the second place in the ranking in most of the analyzed ATUs. From the total area of the analyzed territory, the grasslands were identified on an area of 5934.39 ha, of which 5338.41 ha of pastures and 595.98 ha of natural grasslands. The grasslands in the analyzed area are used extensively, dominating the traditional practices of free-range animals.

In many countries, especially in Eastern Europe, there is much discussion about how grasslands are managed in order to prevent pollution of soils, rivers, lakes and to maintain and conserve wild flora and fauna. These objectives favor the maintenance of high biodiversity in High Natural Value (HNV) grasslands through their extensive use, with a low intake of organic fertilizers in line with EU CAP policies. In Romania, in the High Natural Value (HNV) grasslands, subsidies are allocated for "environmentally friendly practices", through the Agri-environment and climate program, but the amount of organic fertilizer is restricted up to 40 kg nitrogen active element/ha regardless of the type fertilizer) but also their administration. Currently, through remarkable advances in areas such as GIS and remote sensing, applications for agriculture provide complex information with high accuracy, but also the ability to provide predictions for various parameters. In this context, the paper aims to optimize the application of manure in HNV grasslands, in accordance with Agri-environment policies, by improving and adapting in practice the OneSoil application based on NDVI map generation from Sentinel satellite images. The validation of the "adjustments" brought to the application was done by field visits with the Phantome 4 UAV equipment. An experimental site was considered an HNV grassland located in Brădişoru de Jos (ATU Oraviţa) which has an area of 391 ha. In the study area the vegetation is mosaic, the grassland being fragmented by hedges, forest curtains and trees in clumps that will be excluded from fertilization. The usable area for fodder at the level of 2020 was 265.41 ha, but in the absence of cleaning works in the coming years, there is a risk of substantial reductions. The proposed optimization model is finally presented in the form of a “coverage” map that indicates both the required quantity, differentiated according to the vegetation characteristics suggested by NDVI, and the spatial location of these quantities on subzones. Thus, on an area of 60.73 ha, 4 t.ha-1 of manure are required, on 94.66 ha it is necessary to administer 5 t.ha-1 of manure, and on an area of 110.02 ha, where the vegetation of the grassland suffers, it is necessary to administer 8 t.ha-1 of cattle manure. The major advantage of this model is that the user can import, on different devices (phone, tablet or laptop) vector files with plot outline or GPS points for location, can differentiate the dose of fertilizer on the surface of the plot, under specific conditions and has at its disposal the map with the "location" of the different quantities of fertilizers.

In Romania, the diversity and specificity of the pedoclimatic systems (in approximately equal proportions - plain, hill, mountain) and the historical and socio-economic particularities generated a land fund structure dominated by the share of agricultural lands (over 61%), being present in all relief units. Romania is one of the European countries with important land resources, per capita returning 0.68 ha of agricultural land and 0.43 ha of arable land. In the last 30 years, in Banat and not only, under the impact of socio-economic, political and natural factors, there have been significant changes in the structure of land use. The general trend was to increase agricultural land and built at the expense of forests and natural grasslands. This paper aimed to make an empirical analysis of land use categories in the Timiş Plain, focusing on grasslands and arable land, using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and the 2018 Corine Land Cover database. The experimental site is constituted in the form of a transect formed by five territorial administrative units (Lovrin ATU, Cenei ATU, Peciu Nou ATU, Pădureni ATU and Moşniţa Nouă ATU), representative for the geographical unit of which they are part, respectively Timiş Plain. The relief conditions, as well as the geographical position of the analyzed territory, are reflected in the land use and the agricultural activities carried out. The five ATUs analyzed have a significant agricultural potential, characterized by large areas of covered arable land, mostly fertile soils, which allow crop diversification. The area has agricultural potential, the market access being an important factor of development in terms of livestock growth, even if the grassland areas are small. Filling with fodder is made from fodder crops and arable sown grasslands (complex crops).

The Dactylis glomerata L. species is found in a  spontaneous state in the meadows of Romania. It is an essential component in the composition of simple mixtures with alfalfa and complex mixtures along with other grasses and perennial legumes. The manifestation of agrobiological characteristics in Dactylis glomerate L. is characterised by complexity and variability, influenced by technology, soil, and climatic conditions that vary inherently in space and time. The research was focused on the knowledge of the agro-biological characteristics and production capacity of the species Dactylis glomerata L. in correlation with local conditions. The research was carried out at Agricultural Research-Development Station of Lovrin and as a biological material the cock's-foot genotype LVDG1 was used, the culture has been established in the Autumn of 2020. Biometric measurements were made on the main agro-biological characters until the first scythe was harvested as a green mass feed. Research shows that all parameters analyzed have the same tred, in both experimental years, with small variations, the differences being attributed to the lack of uniformity of precipitation, the temperature not being a restrictive factor. In the case of the experimental site, the characteristics and type of variation of the decadal quantities of atmospheric precipitation, expressed by the modified Angot index (km), show that in the range of 1.01 to 31.05. 2021, the decades with a pluviometric surplus prevail, with large differences compared to the same period of 2022, which is also found in the externalization of the characters in cock's-foot. The rainfall in the year 2021 contributed to a better expression of vegetative parameters, including the production of green mass at the first scythe. Hence, in 2021 was the highest production of green mass at the first scythe of 25 t.ha -1.