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The authors aim to identify morphological features of the bone abnormal development caused by calcium and vitamin D deficiency (CDD) and possible risk factors in the occurrence of these changes. The study is conducted on a selected group of 102 children aged 10-12 years with bone changes due to CDD, diagnosed and treated in Constanţa City from 2000 - 2010. For cases where the same child presented several bone deformities, we considered every bone deformity as an independent entity. In this study we observed deformation of the bones of the skull, prominent frontal bone 62 cases (60.78%); “beads rib” 49 cases (48.03%) sub mammary grooves 31 cases (30.32%), increasing the volume of knee joint 75 cases (73.52%) and wrist 68 cases (66.66%). The changes visible under direct examination are accompanied by structural changes visible by radiological exam, so the epiphysis plate has an irregular appearance (35 cases), serrated (35 cases), are enlarged (34 cases) or cup (31 cases). Analysis of sex distribution shows higher involvement of male children, sex ratio 3/1. Age group most affected in the studied group is 3-36 months. Skeletal deformities in CDD conditions are associated with peculiar situations of risk: monthly income below Average 72 cases (70.5%), increased pigmentation of the skin 61 (59.8%), prematurity 20 (19.6%). Increased incidence of developmental abnormalities of the bones due to CDD in the studied group and in different regions (England, Turkey, USA, etc) in recent years coincides with modern life style, which involves skin protection against solar radiation and a lack of exposure to sunlight.

The morphometry of the placental vessels was studied on a number of 51 normal term placentas, using plastic injection (Technovit 7143), followed by sodium hydroxide corrosion. In 51 cases, we found the diameter of the umbilical vein between 6.2-10.5 mm, most commonly, in 54.90% of cases, finding it between 8.0-8.6 mm. The trunk of the umbilical vein arised from a number of 2-4 branches, most commonly, in 41.18% of cases, being made of 2 branches. We observed the umbilical arteries on a number of 42 cases. The diameter of the umbilical artery 1, was between 2.5-6.0 mm, most frequently, in 45.24% of cases, having a diameter between 4.0-4.9 mm. The ratio between the diameter of the umbilical artery 1 and the diameter of the corresponding venous trunk was most commonly between 50.0-58.82%. The diameter of the umbilical artery 2, was between 3.0-8.5 mm, most frequently, in 53.66% of cases, having a diameter between 4.0-4.8 mm. The ratio between the diameter of the umbilical artery 2 and the diameter of the corresponding venous trunk, was most commonly between 40.0-46.51%, in one case, the diameter of the umbilical artery 2 was equal to the diameter of the venous trunk. Comparing the diameters of the two umbilical arteries on 41 placentas, we found in 56.10% of cases, the diameter of the umbilical artery 2 was larger then the diameter of the umbilical artery 1 by 0.2-2.5 mm and in 39.02% of cases, the diameter of the umbilical artery 1 was larger then the diameter of the umbilical artery 2 by 0.1-0.9 mm. In 8.20% of cases the umbilical arteries had the same diameter.

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