Background:The association between stressful life events and onset of bipolar episodes is unclear. The association between bipolar episode onset and types of life events that disrupt social routines, and potentially sleep, has not yet been investigated.

A treatment program in a maximally supportive clinical environment can significantly reduce suicidal behavior in high-risk patients with bipolar I disorder.

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Re: Unified European higher medical degrees Sir, The authors of this paper' rightly appeal for more equitable standards of eligibility and assessment for higher medical degrees amongst European universities.The premise, implicit in their argument, that a thesis of published work is superior to a written thesis deserves comment. A written dissertation allows assessment not only of the method ofresearch but also ofthe literary style and standard that the candidate has, or has not, achieved. A successful written thesis is an indication that the candidate has satisfied the examiners in both respects. Surely for this reason, the submission of a written thesis should be encouraged, not abandoned.

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