These data support the notion that HIV-1 plays a direct role in the pathogenesis of HIVAN, by affecting the function and growth of renal epithelial cells, inducing the recruitment of mononuclear cells, and accumulating bFGF in the kidney, even in the absence of viral replication. These rats may provide an excellent model system to study the pathogenesis of childhood HIVAN.

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Ethyl carbamate (EC), also known as urethane, is an animal carcinogen and a by-product of fermentation. Because EC has been found in distilled spirits and wines, a variety of fermented foods and beverages were analyzed to assess its occurrence in other products. Previously described methods using a gas chromatograph-thermal energy analyzer with a nitrogen converter were modified for each matrix and gave recoveries of >80%, with a limit of detection in the 1-2 μg/kg(ppb) range. A total of 152 test samples were analyzed; EC levels ranged from none found to 3 ppb in 15 cheeses, 6 teas, 12 yogurts, and 8 ciders; from none found to 13 ppb in 30 breads and 69 malt beverages; and from none found to 84 ppb in 12 soy sauces. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry was used to confirm EC identity and to quantitate EC in selected food extracts

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