A literature review found an association between increased falls risk and malnutrition, sarcopenia, vitamin D deficiency and dehydration. Strategies to identify, prevent and treat these conditions can help to reduce falls risk in at-risk groups such as frail, older people. Nurses can reduce falls risk in older people by raising awareness of risk factors and embedding nutritional strategies in local falls reduction strategies.

Emergency nurse practitioners often experienced difficulties when attempting to assess pain in children accurately. This article refers to a case study to discuss the complexities of measuring paediatric pain, reviews two of the most well-known pain assessment scales and emphasises the importance of family involvement in situations where children are asked to self-report their experiences.

In this case study, history taking, clinical examination, and diagnostic skills are described in relation to treating a child with ear infection. The importance of responsible prescribing of antibiotics is discussed.

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