Objective This study ascertained effects of cactus pear in association with different roughage in the diet of F1 Holstein/Zebu cows on intake, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen balance, ingestive behavior and performance. Methods Eight cows with 72±11 days of lactation were used. The experimental design was simultaneous in two 4×4 Latin squares. Four experimental diets were used: Diet 1, sorghum silage as exclusive roughage; Diet 2, sorghum silage associated with cactus pear in a proportion of 50% of the roughage (dry matter basis); Diet 3, elephant grass ( Pennisetum purpureum cv. Roxo) as exclusive roughage; Diet 4, elephant grass associated with cactus pear in a proportion of 50% of the roughage. The roughage:concentrate ratio was 75:25. Results Dry matter intake (p = 0.01) was higher with sorghum silage. There were differences in dry matter intake (p = 0.01), crude protein (p<0.01), ether extract (p = 0.01), non-fibrous carbohydrates (p<0.01) and total digestible nutrients (p = 0.01) among the diets. Cactus pear in the diet reduced water intake by 44.52% (p<0.01). The nitrogen balance was 59.71% and 27.49% lower in animals treated with exclusive sorghum silage and sorghum silage associated with cactus pear in relation to diets with elephant grass and elephant grass associated with cactus pear, respectively (p<0.01). The diets did not influence the milk production (p = 0.70), 3.5% fat corrected milk production (p = 0.72) or feed efficiency (p = 0.61). Conclusion The association of cactus pear with sorghum or elephant grass silage does not alter milk production, reduces the intake of dry matter and water and improves the digestibility of nutrients.
ResumoObjetivou-se por meio deste trabalho avaliar consumo, produção e processamento do leite de vacas alimentadas com dietas contendo níveis crescentes de ureia. Foram utilizadas 8 vacas 7/8 Holandês/Gir em dois quadrados latinos 4x4, sendo cada quadrado composto de quatro dietas, quatro vacas e quatro períodos experimentais. As dietas foram formuladas para serem isoproteicas, tendo como volumoso a silagem de cana-de-açúcar. Os tratamentos consistiram em níveis crescentes de ureia em substituição ao farelo de soja (0; 0,58; 1,17, 1,75% na MS total da dieta). Os consumos de matéria seca e fibra em detergente neutro não foram afetados pelos níveis crescentes de ureia. Entretanto, o consumo de proteína bruta e extrato etéreo reduziram linearmente com o aumento dos níveis de ureia. Já o consumo de carboidratos não fibrosos apresentou comportamento cúbico em relação aos níveis de ureia. A produção de leite (27 kg/dia), a composição físico-química do leite e do queijo de minas frescal, assim como o rendimento do queijo não foram influenciados pela inclusão da ureia na dieta das vacas. Portanto, conclui-se que, para dietas de vacas em lactação, a base de silagem de cana-de-açúcar, com relação volumoso: concentrado 45:55, a ureia pode ser adicionada em até 1,75% da matéria seca total, sem prejudicar consumo, rendimento, produção, composição físico-química do leite e do queijo de minas frescal.Palavras-chave: bovino, farelo de soja, nitrogênio não proteico, nutrição. AbstractThe objective of this work by evaluating consumption, production and processing of milk from cows fed diets containing increasing levels of urea. 8 cows were used 7/8 Holstein / Gir Dairy in two 4x4 Latin squares, each square composed of four diets, four cows and four experimental periods. Diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous, and as forage silage cane sugar. Treatments consisted of increasing levels of urea in place of soybean meal (0, 0.58, 1.17, 1.75% of the total DM diet). The intake of dry matter and neutral detergent fiber were not affected by increasing levels of urea. However, crude protein and ether extract decreased linearly with increasing levels of urea. The consumption of non-fiber carbohydrates presented cubic behavior in relation to the levels of urea. The production of milk (27 kg / day), the physico-chemical composition of milk and Minas fresh cheese as well as cheese yield was not affected by the inclusion of urea in the diet of cows. Therefore, it is concluded that, for diets of lactating cows, the sugar cane silage basedr, with forage:concentrate ratio 45:55, the urea can be added up to 1.75% of total dry matter without harming consumption, income, production, physico-chemical composition of milk and Minas cheese. IntroduçãoAs despesas com a alimentação contribuem de forma significativa nos custos de produção da atividade leiteira. Entre os itens que compõem a dieta de bovinos leiteiros, os suplementos proteicos são, geralmente, os componentes mais caros. Dessa forma, a utilização de alimentos/ingredientes alternativos que...
Efeito de níveis crescentes de ureia na alimentação de vacassobre o rendimento, composição, perfil de ácidos graxos e sensorial do queijo minas frescal* Effect of increasing levels of urea in cows feed on yield, composition, fatty acid profile and sensory of minas fresh cheese Resumo O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade do queijo minas frescal processado com leite de vacas alimentadas com dietas com níveis crescentes de ureia (0; 33%; 66% e 100%, que corresponderam a 0, 0,92, 1,84 e 2,77% de PB na forma de NNP) em substituição ao farelo de soja. Foram utilizadas oito vacas F1 Holandês x Zebu, primíparas, com aproximadamente 150 dias de lactação ao início do experimento e produção média de 10kg de leite corrigido para 3,5 % de gordura dia -1 , em dois quadrados latinos 4 x 4, 4 animais, 4 dietas e 4 períodos experimentais. As amostras de leite de cada vaca, da ordenha da manhã e da tarde, foram coletadas e analisadas quanto à composição físico-química. No terceiro dia de coleta, o leite obtido de cada tratamento foi processado para fabricação do queijo minas frescal. Os produtos foram analisados quanto às suas características físico-químicas, textura, rendimento, perfil de ácidos graxos, e aceitação sensorial. Não houve efeito da adição dos níveis crescentes de ureia em substituição ao farelo de soja na dieta das vacas para todos os parâmetros que indicam a qualidade dos queijos analisados. Dessa forma, conclui-se que a substituição total da ureia pelo farelo de soja na dieta com o intuito de reduzir custo de alimentação não altera a qualidade na produção do queijo minas frescal.Palavras-chave: farelo de soja, gordura, nitrogênio não proteico, proteína. AbstractThe study aimed to evaluate the quality of the minas fresh cheese processed with milk cows fed diets with increasing levels of urea (0, 33%, 66% and 100%, corresponding to 0, 0.92, 1.84 and 2.77% crude protein in the form of NPN) replacing soybean meal. Eight cows F1 Holstein x Zebu, gilts, with approximately 150 days of lactation to the beginning of the experiment and average production of 10 kg of milk corrected to 3.5% fat day-1, in two Latin squares 4 x 4, 4 animals, 4 diets and 4 experimental periods. Samples of milk from each cow, the milking morning and afternoon, were collected and analyzed for physical and chemical composition. On the third day of collection, the milk obtained from each treatment was processed for the production of minas fresh cheese. Products were analyzed as to their physical and chemical characteristics, texture, yield, fatty acid profile, and sensory acceptance. There was no effect of the addition of increasing levels of urea in substitution of soybean meal in the diet of cows to all the parameters that indicate the quality of cheeses analyzed. Thus, it is concluded that the total replacement of soybean meal by urea in order to reduce power cost does not change the quality in the production of minas fresh cheese.
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