Since its first use in medical purpose in the 1960s, the concept of artificial intelligence has been especially appealing to health care, particularly radiology. With the development of ever more powerful computers from the 1990s to the present, various forms of artificial intelligence have found their way into different medical specialties-most notably radiology, dermatology, ophthalmology, and pathology. Due to the growing presence of such systems, it is paramount for the specialists handling them to get acquainted with them in order to provide the best service for their patients. It is therefore the aim of this article to explain the most basic principles of artificial intelligence, accentuating the most prominent concepts used in radiology today, such as deep learning and neural networks. It will also mention some of the artificial intelligence systems approved for clinical use in the US, such as IDx-DR, used to discover more than mild diabetic retinopathy in patients over 22 years of age; and Arterys, used for cardiac segmentation and discovering liver and lung nodules. Same as in many other fields, there is a constant need for improvement-in construction, testing, and application of these new technologies. Many ethical questions are asked, considering privacy and liability of artificial intelligence systems in clinical use. One of the greatest concerns for radiologists is the possibility of being replaced by these systems. This scenario seems to be far-fetched, at least for the time being. Radiologists should use that time to get to know the "enemy". If they accomplish this, they might discover that they had had an ally all along.

Introduction: Subclavian artery stenosis is a potential cause of serious morbidity, endangering the upper extremities, brain and the heart. It is a relatively rare form of peripheral arterial disease, usually present in patients who already suffer from peripheral arterial disease on other vessels, most often lower extremity arteries. Atherosclerosis is considered to be the primary underlying cause. The current treatment of choice is endovascular approach which combines percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stenting as its noninvasive nature yields faster recovery and less complications. Aim: The aim of this study was to examine the characteristics of subclavian atherosclerotic lesions in patients who underwent endovascular procedure and their relationship with known risk factors. Additional aim was to assess clinical and procedure characteristics of patients and compare them with similar experiences from other centers. Patients and methods: We conducted a retrospective single center review of patients treated with endovascular procedure for SA stenosis and/or occlusion. A total of 53 patients were detected. Three patients were excluded due to the arteritis origin of the stenosis, leaving 50 patients suitable for analysis. Participants' characteristics were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Normal distribution was assessed using Shapiro-Wilk test. Categorical variables were analyzed using the Chi-square test. Univariate logistic regression was used to calculate unadjusted odds ratios of factors associated with level of stenosis. Results: The mean age at the time of the first intervention was 62±8 years. All except 8 patients were symptomatic. The most common symptoms were paresthesia (32%), vertigo (30%), muscle fatigue (24%) and rest pain (22%). 58% of patients presented with Subclavian steal syndrome. The most common comorbidities and risk factors present in selected patients were hypertension 76%, smoking 60%, hyperlipidemia 60% and coronary artery disease 22%. A total of 50 lesions were treated with 59 endovascular procedures, 9 reinterventions among them. Technical success was achieved in 85% of procedures. After univariate analysis 3 items were detected suitable for multivariate logistic regression. The multivariate regression model was statistically significant χ2 (4, N = 50) = 17.94, p <0.01, explaining 42.7% of variance (Nagelkerke R 2 = .427). Female gender (p<0.05), hypertension (p<0.05) and smoking status (p<0.05) were independently associated with occlusion. Women had 7.7 times the odds of developing occlusion compared to males. Moreover, patients with a history of hypertension were 5.1 times more likely to develop occlusion. Smoking was associated with 7.8 higher chances to develop occlusion. The results of multivariate analysis are of limited significance due to the small sample size.

Due to its varying and often mimicking appearance, sarcoidosis is considered one of the great imitators in medicine. A rare form of pulmonary sarcoidosis, the nodular form, can be mistaken for disseminated malignancy. We present the case of 38-year-old patient, whose chest x ray demonstrated a large number of pulmonary nodules, more than 1 cm in diameter, predominantly in a peripheral distribution, with bilaterally enlarged hila, thus making disseminated malignant disease a part of di erential diagnosis. e sight of multiple lung nodules can be very suggestive for metastatic disease and misleading in everyday clinical practice. Sarcoidosis, Mimicking, Malignant disease, Nodules, Radiology; Nodular pulmonary sarcoidosis N Zbog svoje raznolike prezentacije i brojnih sličnosti s drugim bolestima, sarkoidoza je znana kao veliki imitator u medicini. Jedan od oblika sarkoidoze, nodularna plućna sarkoidoza, lako se može zamijeniti s malignom diseminiranom bolešću. Prikazujemo slučaj 38-godišnjeg pacijenta, čiji je torakalni rendgenogram pokazao veći broj periferno smještenih plućnih nodusa promjera većih od 1 cm uz obostrano uvećane hiluse. Takav nalaz upućivao je na diseminiranu malign bolest kao jednu od diferencijalnih dijagnoza. Cilj ovog prikaza slučaja je podsjetiti kolege na nodularnu plućnu sarkoidozu kao jednu od mogućih dijagnoza u slučaju ovako sugestivnih nalaza kod pacijenata bez ranije poznate maligne bolesti.

Being able to live an active and meaningful life is important for mental health of every individual. In this case report we examine the life of an oncology patient who developed depression six years ago. The patient is a fifty seven year old woman who has been suffering from Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome for the last forty years. Her father and two uncles died from the same disease. She had her first operation when she was seventeen years old and has had numerous operations since then. During this time she has undergone four neurosurgical operations, nephrectomy, spine and pancreas operation and eye enucleation. Despite the fact that by being a chronic oncology patient she was prone to depression, she did not develop depressive symptoms. It did not happen even as her husband went to war and left her to take care of their child. It did not come afterwards as they struggled financially. Only after they moved to a new apartment and as she finished decorating it, did depression finally occur. During entire life she was an active, outgoing person, who took pleasure in socialising and various hobbies. She only developed depression after she was pensioned, left with the responsibility to care for her old mother. Following the psychiatric treatment she regained interest in people and become active in different cancer support groups. This example accentuates the importance of every-day pleasurable activities as a defence mechanism against depression.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is defined as an extensive response to a major traumatic event. Psychoneuroimmunology represents an integrative approach in tackling and understanding various human diseases and disorders such as cardiovascular, autoimmune and physical complaints/chronic pain. Psychosocial context influences brain stress response pathways and modifies stress-related behavior. In this case report, we observed 5 patients, veterans from Croatian War of Independence (1990-1995), who suffer from PTSD. They have altered stress reactivity, as well as distinct expression for genes involved in immune activation. Those patients have been found to exhibit a number of immune changes including increased circulating inflammatory markers, increased reactivity to antigen skin tests, lower natural killer cell activity, and lower total T lymphocyte counts. The traumatic event (Croatian War of Independence) generates downstream alterations in immune function. This case report imply that immune dysfunction caused by PTSD may mediate or facilitate somatic conditions.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.