Celem artykułu było sprawdzenie, czy kryteria astońskie, powszechnie wykorzystywane do opisywania struktur organizacyjnych, przyjmują różne wartości w organizacjach usługowych i przemysłowych. Zbadano, czy sektor, w którym funkcjonuje organizacja jest czynnikiem różnicującym te kryteria. Analizowano 5 wymiarów opisujących strukturę organizacyjną: konfigurację, centralizację, specjalizację, standaryzację i formalizację. Do zbadania istotności zróżnicowania wykorzystano test U Manna-Whitneya. Dodatkowo przeprowadzono analizę dyskryminacyjną w celu rozstrzygnięcia, które zmienne w najlepszy sposób rozróżniają dwie grupy badanych organizacji. Implikacją przeprowadzonej analizy jest wykazanie zróżnicowania pomiędzy strukturami organizacyjnymi w różnych sektorach gospodarki. Wkładem autorów są zastosowanie modelu kryteriów astońskich do badania zróżnicowania między strukturami organizacyjnymi w różnych sektorach gospodarki oraz uzyskane wyniki.

The purpose of this paper is to measure and evaluate the quality of banking services with the use of the SERVPERF method. The questionnaire method was applied in the study. The questionnaire was composed of two parts. The first part covered certificate questions specifying the customers of the bank and the second substantial part included the questions of the SERVPERF questionnaire. The author of this paper has studied merely the quality performance pursuant to the assumption of the SERVPERF method adopting the expectations of the customers at the maximum level. The analysis of the results of the carried out study demonstrates that the biggest quality gap was observed for the dimension tangibles. The study of diversification showed that tangibles, empathy and responsiveness are diversified only by one factor. Education of the respondents was a variable that diversified the greatest number of dimensions.

Purpose: This paper is intended to examine the effects of the crisis that was caused by the COVID-19 pandemic on the selection of instruments of competition used by enterprises. A research hypothesis (H1) is advanced: at the time of the crisis that was caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, enterprises have employed new key instruments of competition in order to attain a better competitive standing in the market. The concept and nature of competitiveness are discussed, and instruments of competition are detailed as a dimension of competitiveness. Design/Methodology/Approach: The theoretical section of the paper is based on a comprehensive review of leading specialist literature. The hypothesis is verified by means of exploratory factor analysis, which serves to detect an optimal group of main factors and explicate correlations between observable variables. The number of factors is determined using the Cattell's scree criterion and Kaiser criterion. Findings: The paper contains the results for a group of 253 large Polish enterprises. A factorbased model of competition instruments that have been used by enterprises at the time of the crisis that was caused by the COVID-19 pandemic is constructed by using exploratory factor analysis. Three factors are defined: the product, quality, and distribution that are currently being applied by enterprises. Distribution is identified as a new key instrument of competition, while the utilisation of Internet channels allows for maintaining one's competitive status in the market. Practical Implications: The results may be taken advantage of by entrepreneurs. They constitute indications for selecting competition instruments during the crises. Originality/Value: The paper contains the authors' original research into a representative group of large enterprises that can be generalised to the entire population assuming a level of confidence of α = 95% and maximum error of β = 6%.

This article analyzes the impact of the capital market on economic growth in the US with the use of annual data. The study covers the years 1975-2019. As part of the analysis, the construction and estimation of an econometric model was made using the GRETL program. The obtained results confirmed the statistically significant influence of the capital market on the economic growth in the USA.

The aim of the article is to identify and assess the state of knowledge in the field of using and supporting Industry 4.0 technologies for the development of companies' strategic agility. In particular, it is of keen interest how the individual Industry 4.0 technologies selected by the authors support the attributes that contribute to strategic agility. The article uses a systematic literature review (SLR), and strives in a rigorous and reliable manner to organize knowledge of the use of Industry 4.0 technology in the development of strategic agility. The systematic review research procedure consists of a five-stage approach, including: formulation of the research questions and determination of the research objective, selection of the literature sample, evaluation of the identified papers, data analysis and synthesis, and reporting on the results. The applied research method allowed for synthesis and consolidation of the existing scientific achievements in the field of supporting Industry 4.0 technologies in the development of strategic agility in companies, as well as indication of the most desirable directions for further research. Simultaneously, the research results allowed a reasonable context for future research to be defined. The literature clearly indicates a scarcity of papers in the field of linking Industry 4.0 with the agility of companies, as well as a lack of information on the state of research in this area, both in theoretical and empirical terms. There is a noticeable shortage of studies identifying which Industry 4.0 technologies support the development of strategic agility, to what extent and in what aspects.