Background: Baclofen is the only clinically available metabotropic GABAB receptor agonist. Several reports has been discussed the efficacy of baclofen but the available data on its effect of the behavior and brains' histology are still limited. Objectives: This work aims to assess the effects of long term exposure to baclofen (8weeks) on behavior and brains' histology in rats Methods: Analysis of data of Twenty five healthy male Albino rats were performed. Rats weighing about 200-210 g with mean age of 65 days were randomly selected and categorized into three groups: Group 1(LD50 group): included five rats that gavaged with single dose of baclofen to test the LD50 of drug (145mg per Kg) .Group 2. (control group):included eight rats were gavaged with distilled water for 2 months. Group 3.(baclofen group): included 12 rats gavaged with 15mg/kg of baclofen (1/10th LD50) for 2 month. Behavioral Tests were conducted on all animals in group 2 and 3 including: Open-field test ,Open -field habituation task ,and object recognition(Novel) to examine the influence of drug on the cognition of rats. All animals were euthanized with ether after 24hours of last day of treatment. Brains were excised and collected from rats of group 2 and 3.Fixation of tissues was done using buffered solution of ten percent of formalin for twenty four hours with paraffin wax embedding. Sectioning and staining by hematoxylin and eosin protocol (H&E) and prepared to be examine histologically. To differentiate between the data of group 2 and 3 ,statistical analysis was performed by 1-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) .Least significant difference test with Duncan test was used . Value of P of equal or less than 0.05 means the difference is significant . Results: This study revealed that the rats of baclofen group traveled a greater total distance(in both sessions) when compared with those of control indicating their hyperactivity. The zone specific analysis showed that the rats that were administered with baclofen consumed markedly greater time nearby the walls in the peripheral

Background: Oral ulcers are among the common recurrent oral diseases which seek medical help; the underlying pathology is yet obscure, making medical intervention difficult. Aims: The purpose of this study was to investigate if montelukast could help mouth ulcer model in Albino rats. Methods: The rats were divided into two groups of 24, the control group of 12 rats with induced ulcer and no therapy, and the treatment group with induced ulcer and treated orally with Montelukast 20 mg/kg. Each group had six rats sacrificed after 3 and 7 days of treatment. The lingual ulcer was produced with cotton soaked in 70% acetic acid solution and rubbed against the tongue for 2 minutes. Discolouration of tongue tissue has been noticed. Animals in all groups were weighed on days 1, 3, and 7 following mucosal ulcerations were confirmed. Results: On days 1, 3, and 7, the body weight of the treatment group rats improved as compared to the control group. On days 3 and 7, the tongue histological section of the control group revealed a wide gap of the site of ulcer in the lingual mucosa, inflammatory exudate, and severe infiltration of inflammatory cells (score 3) without re-epithelialization (score 0). Lingual sections of MTK treated group after ulcer induction on day 3 showed the same lesions as the control group whereas after 7 days demonstrated improvement in inflammatory indicators as inflammatory exudate and infiltration of inflammatory cells (score 1), formation of granulation tissue composed of fibrous tissue and angiogenesis and Re-epithelialization (score 1) comparing with the control group. Conclusion:The present study found Montelukast's anti-inflammatory potential characteristics to treat generated lingual ulcers in rats.

The present study aims to investigate the effect of acetaminophen in male rats after early postnatal exposure to acetaminophen on several behavioural alterations and its role to precipitate autistic-like behaviour with investigating the ameliorating role of melatonin on these parameters. Thirty healthy Albino male rat pups were used in this study. On a postnatal day 3 (PND3), the rat pups were divided into three groups (10 pups per group). Group1: As a control group, pups injected with normal saline for 7 days subcutaneously then administered with normal saline for 2 weeks orally. Group 2: pups injected acetaminophen subcutaneously in a dose (50mg/kg) once daily for 7 days, then these pups were administrated with normal saline for 2 weeks. Group 3: includes pups that were injected acetaminophen subcutaneously in a dose (50 mg/kg) once daily for 7 days then administrated with melatonin (10 mg/kg) for 2 weeks. Behavioural tests, such as nest seeking, were performed at PND 9; negative geotaxis test was done at "PND 15 and 17", an open field test was done at PND21. The present study demonstrated that acetaminophen exposed rat pups exhibited a significant difference in behavioural tests: nest seeking test showed that the pups of group 2 to approach the maternal bedding was (10.00±1.51) sec which was significantly higher than the time of the control group(4.50±2.19) sec. At PND15, the negative geotaxis test showed a significant increase in time spend to rotate 180° of the pups of group 2 (7.30±2.86) sec when compared with that of the control group (3.50±0.63)sec and melatonin treated group (4.56±0.63) sec. While at PND17, pups showed a significant increase in time spend to rotate 180° in negative geotaxis test in group 2 (7.40±2.90) sec compared with that of the control group (3.12 ±1.33) sec, and that of the melatonin treated group (4.18 ±1.43) sec. Data of open field test showed that pups of group 2 were traveled significantly more total distance (number of squares crossed) (31±8.34) compared to those traveled by pups of control (20±4.08) and melatonin treated groups (22±7.43). Administration of acetaminophen at dose 50 mg/kg from PND 3 to PND10 induces autistic-like behavioural manifested by several alterations in rat pups. These alterations were ameliorated by melatonin administration (10 mg/kg for 2 weeks) after exposure to acetaminophen.

Baclofen has a central acting effect, so clinicians have been utilized it chiefly for treating the spasticity of spinal origin. Nowadays, off-labeling use of baclofen with high doses is frequently increased. Despite of the extensive research studies on the effectiveness of baclofen, the reports on its histological effects on testes and on sperm parameters we insufficient. This work aims to assess the histological influences of baclofen on rats' testes and on several sperm characteristics after administration for 8 weeks. Twenty-two male rats at age of peripuberty (8weks) that were categorized into two groups. Group I (control group) includes 10 rats which were gavaged with 1 ml/day of distilled water daily. Group II (baclofen's group) includes 12 rats which were received baclofen 14.5 mg/kg for 8 weeks via gavage. At the end of the designed work, euthenization was done and the testes were excised from each rat, the epididymis samples were obtained and prepared for examination under light microscope. This study revealed that rats that were administered with 14.5mg/kg/day of baclofen for 8 weeks showed changes in the sperms parameters with several testicular histological alterations in their sections in comparison with those of controls. The percentage of the live sperms of rats (baclofen's group was lower than that of control group). Features of sloughing inside seminiferous tubules' lumen are frequently seen among these sections with mild decrease in the diameter of seminiferous tubules. Evidence of decreased Johnsen's scores (spermatogenic index -SI) was noticed in some sections, and decreasing of the frequency of seminiferous tubules that possess spermatozoa was obviously noticed. Moreover, disorganization of seminiferous tubules is shown in these sections. In addition, sections of rats of baclofen group revealed features of necrosis of seminiferous tubules, presence of degenerated spermatogenic layer, features of apoptosis, and presence of gaps in the seminiferous epithelium of degenerated tubules. Different alterations of sertoli cells as vacuolation, and detachment sertoli cells are noticed in sections of rats that were administered with baclofen. The chronic administration of rats with 14.5 mg/kg with baclofen induced effects on sperm parameters and testicular histology. however, the testicular histological alterations were more obvious. Further works are needed to clarify mechanism that stands behind these effects.

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