The basins of the Indus and Ganges rivers cover 2.20 million km 2 and are inhabited by more than a billion people. The region is under extreme pressures of population and poverty, unregulated utilization of the resources and low levels of productivity. The needs are: (1) development policies that are regionally differentiated to ensure resource sustainability and high productivity; (2) immediate development and implementation of policies for sound groundwater management and energy use; (3) improvement of the fragile food security and to broaden its base; and (4) policy changes to address land fragmentation and improved infrastructure. Meeting these needs will help to improve productivity, reduce rural poverty and improve overall human development.
The Upper Bhima River Basin is facing both episodic and chronic water shortages due to intensive irrigation development. The main objective of this study was to characterize the hydrologic processes of the Upper Bhima River Basin and assess crop water productivity using the distributed hydrologic model, SWAT. Rainfall within the basin varies from 450 to 5000 mm in a period of 3-4 months. The basin has an average rainfall of 711 mm (32 400 Mm 3 (million cubic metres)) in a normal year, of which 12.8% (4150 Mm ) ruissellent, et le reste (63%) est prélevé pour l'évapotranspiration. La productivité de l'eau agricole dans le bassin pour la canne à sucre, le sorgho et le mil ont été estimés à 2.90, 0.51 et 0.30 kg m¯3, ce qui est significativement plus faible que le potentiel maximal habituellement rencontré dans le monde. Il y a donc des marges de progrès qu'il convient d'explorer. Différents scénarios impliquant différents itinéraires techniques ont été testés dans le but d'accroître la valeur économique de la productivité de l'eau dans le système d'irrigation d'Ujjani. L'analyse suggère que la maximisation de la superficie grâce à la fourniture d'irrigation d'appoint pour les zones pluviales, ainsi que le recours à des pratiques agricoles de gestion plus économes en eau, peuvent offrir des possibilités pour améliorer la productivité de l'eau.
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