Chronic inflammation pain is a debilitating disease, and its mechanism still remains poorly understood. This study attempted to illuminate the metabolic mechanism of chronic inflammation pain induced by complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) injection, especially at spinal level. The chronic inflammation pain model was established by CFA administration. Behavioral testing including mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia was performed. Meanwhile, a liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry‐based metabolomics approach was applied to analyze potential metabolic biomarkers. The orthogonal partial least squares discrimination analysis mode was employed for determining metabolic changes, and a western blot was performed to detect the protein expression change. The results showed that 27 metabolites showed obviously abnormal expression and seven metabolic pathways were significantly enriched, comprising aminoacyl‐tRNA biosynthesis, arginine and proline metabolism, histidine metabolism, purine metabolism, phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis, glutathione metabolism, and phenylalanine metabolism. Meanwhile, the results showed that the expression of arginase I and nitric oxide levels were elevated in the CFA group compared with the control group, while the argininosuccinate synthetase and argininosuccinatelyase proteins were not significantly different between the groups. These findings demonstrate that metabolic changes of the spinal cord may be implicated in neurotransmitter release and pain conductivity following CFA administration.

The weak localization and weak antilocalization effects in the coherent scattering of two dimensional electron gas(2DEG) have been observed in Al0.22Ga0.78N/GaN heterostructures by the magneto-transport measurement. The change of magnetoresistance from positive to negative under a perpendicular low magnetic field indicates that electron spin-orbit scattering caused by crystal field exists in Al0.22Ga0.78N/GaN heterojunction. The relation between the spin-orbit scattering time and the temperature is discussed for 2DEG, the inelastic scattering time measured by experiment shows a strong temperature dependence according to T-1 rule, which indicates that the electron-electron scattering with small energy transfer is the dominant inelastic process.

Tujia love songs is one of the important types of Tujia folk songs. The paper analyzes the typical features of folk songs, regards song translation as a constrained translation and mainly introduced Peter Low's Pentathlon Principle in the west and Jun QIN's five rules on Chinese song translation. The principle and rules have been considered and applied in the paper, which then focuses on case analysis of two Tujia love songs "Six Sips of Tea" and "Tangerine Tree". For the first song "Six Sips of Tea", the authors translate and interpret it by involving tea culture and view of marriage. They also make a comparative study between their translated version and singable version online rendered by Jun QIN. For the second song "Tangerine Tree", after translating it, the authors interpret it from different aspects. In the process of translating and interpreting two songs, unique Tujia culture and dialect have been displayed. The paper concludes that whether folk songs are to be translated for singing or for comprehension, the constraints such as rhymes or melodies shall be taken into consideration. Generally speaking, translating Tujia folk songs is of complexity and the interpretation of these songs need comprehensive knowledge of Tujia Culure.

Sevoflurane is presently one of the most used inhaled anesthetics worldwide. However, the mechanisms through which sevoflurane acts and the areas of the brain associated with changes in consciousness during anesthesia remain important and complex research questions. Sevoflurane is generally regarded as a volatile anesthetic that blindly targets neuronal (and sometimes astrocyte) GABAA receptors. This review focuses on the brain areas of sevoflurane action and their relation to changes in consciousness during anesthesia. We cover 20 years of history, from the bench to the bedside, and include perspectives on functional magnetic resonance, electroencephalogram, and pharmacological experiments. We review the interactions and neurotransmitters involved in brain circuits during sevoflurane anesthesia, improving the effectiveness and accuracy of sevoflurane’s future application and shedding light on the mechanisms behind human consciousness.