The need for environmentally friendly products is growing every year. In 2018, a law was adopted. And a program for growing organic apple fruits is now being developed. Obtaining such products without the use of pesticides or with a minimum amount of them is possible by replacing chemical insecticides with biological ones and / or using non-chemical measures to combat insects, in particular, since insecticides are the most toxic component of the general system of apple protection from a complex of harmful organisms. The use of various biological agents, along with protecting the environment and human health, ensures high technical and economic efficiency. To protect orchards from pests, diseases and weeds, spraying is carried out 20 … 22 times during a season. The level of pesticide load is quite high, which is a factor of not only environmental but also economic stress. Due to the peculiarities of the relief in the North Caucasus, the gardens are in close proximity to settlements, resorts and health resorts, in the vicinity of protected and resort areas. Therefore, the issues of safety of any production, relevant on a global scale, arise in this territory with particular urgency. In this regard, this article presents the results of using elements of organic agriculture in horticulture to obtain environmentally friendly fruit products in the conditions of the foothill zone of the North Caucasus region.

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The reserves for expanding areas for fruit plantations in the mountainous regions of Russia are limited. One of the ways to solve this problem is to engage in agricultural circulation and, in particular, for fruit plantations, sloping lands. At present, for foothill and mountain areas, scientifically based technologies for growing gardens on slopes have been developed for zones. One of the problems faced by fruit producers is the lack of technology for the care of the row-spacings of fruit plantations. Mechanized technologies of plain gardening are ineffective in the specific conditions of mountain and foothill agriculture, where soil fertility is the main limiting factor. At the same time, there is an urgent need to accelerate the creation of a humus layer in the near-stem stripes, to improve the water and food regimes of fruit plantations on sloping lands. The analysis of the soil maintenance system in the gardens showed that the most rational is the sod-humus system, which involves mowing the vegetation, leaving it on the soil surface in the form of mulch. However, commercially available technical means have a relatively low rotational speed of a rotary working body, do not provide high-quality tillage. In this regard, the proposed design of the unit for processing row-spacings of fruit plantations. As a result of the theoretical studies, rational values of the main parameters and modes of operation of the proposed unit have been established.

The main consumers of feed grain include industries such as livestock, pig and poultry. For the organization of proper feeding of animals and poultry, the rational use of concentrated feeds, the main component of which are grain and leguminous crops, providing about 50% of protein, is important. Currently, the share of concentrated feed in the total feed balance is more than a third. The efficiency of using feed grain without prior preparation is markedly reduced. The quality of the crushed feed in its granulometric composition exceeds the quality of the feed crushed by any hammer mill, due to the increase in the content of the easily digestible animal and bird fraction and the reduction of the dust fraction, which has a negative effect on the animal’s body. One of the main ways to prepare grain feed for feeding is grinding. During grinding, conditioning, crushing and other operations, the hard shell is destroyed, the availability of nutrients to the action of digestive juices increases, digestibility is accelerated, and more complete absorption of feed energy occurs. Grinding is the most energy-intensive and time-consuming operation, occupying more than half of the total labour costs in the preparation of animal feed. The article provides the scientific rationale for the energy efficiency of the feed grinding process.

The state of the fuel equipment as a whole can be judged by two generalized parameters characterizing the performance of a diesel engine - its power and specific fuel consumption. The state of the fuel equipment is characterized by the following parameters: injection pressure and the quality of fuel atomization by nozzles, the capacity of the booster pump, the throughput of filter elements for coarse and fine fuel cleaning, the state of the bypass valve, wear of the plunger pairs and discharge valves, the speed of the camshaft of the fuel pump, uneven delivery fuel by pump elements, fuel consumption, advance angle of fuel supply to engine cylinders. During operation, these parameters change due to the deterioration of the state of the elements of the fuel equipment. The initial state of the parameters of the fuel equipment is restored by making the necessary adjustments and replacing the components unsuitable for further operation. Signs of unsatisfactory operation of the fuel equipment can be: difficult start of the diesel engine, unstable operation, smoke of the exhaust gases, a decrease in power and an increase in specific fuel consumption. Improvement of diesel fuel supply systems should be aimed, first of all, at increasing power and fuel efficiency, as well as decreasing smoke and toxicity of exhaust gases, which can be achieved by: increasing the maximum injection pressure; optimization of injection characteristics and reduction of injection duration; correction of the cyclic fuel supply in accordance with the engine operating mode and external factors. With this in mind, this article presents the results of a study of the unevenness of the fuel supply and its effect on the power and economic performance of the diesel engine.