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The relevance of the article stems from the fact that in today’s world, in order to maintain a quality of life, the state must pay increased attention to the economic and social well-being of citizens, and ensure all basic material needs of the individual without conditions or restrictions. One of the instruments of economic and social support for the population is the unconditional basic income. The aim of the study is to develop the concept for applying the unconditional basic income as one of the attractive methods for addressing poverty and eliminating economic and social inequalities in the Russian Federation. The key components of the poverty’s problem and the state’s approach to tackling it were analysed. Approaches to defining the term “unconditional basic income” and the phenomenology behind the term were explored. The key factors of social life, contributing to the practical implementation of unconditional basic income, were determined. A review of the world practices of its implementation is reflected and possibilities of its application in the Russian Federation are considered.

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