Racemform von V aus; Einengen der Mutterlauge ließ noch weiteres inaktives V ausfallen; aus der Mutterlauge fiel nach starkem Einengen und auf Zugabe von Petroläther stark aktiviertes Material aus. Von ca. 50proz. Aktivierung an lieferte erneutes Umkristallisieren aus Benzol audi ein optisch aktives Erstkristallisat: es wurde in weitere Fraktionierungen eingesetzt. Das in Benzol sehr viel besser lösliche Mutterlaugen-Kristallisat wurde nunmehr aus Petroläther (Siedebereich 60 bis 70°) analog konsequent weiter fraktioniert.Kieselgel-Chromatographie in Benzol und rasches Sublimieren (höchstens 0,1 g-Portionen!) bei 90° und 0,001 Torr gestattete die Abtrennung von den in den leichtest löslichen Fraktionen angereicherten Fremdbeimengungen, ohne daß Racemisation bemerkbar war. Anschließendes viermaliges Umkristallisieren, zuletzt aus Alkohol, erbrachte keine Änderung der Schmelzpunkts-und Drehwerte mehr. Aus insgesamt 70 g eingesetztem (±) V wurden so direkt je 600 mg der beiden V-Enantiomeren mit Höchstdrehung, ferner noch je rund lg ( + )-bzw. (-)-Material mit [a] 405-Wer-
Results are presented of experiments conducted in Homestead, Florida, USA, from 2007 to 2009 to investigate the likelihood of infestation of orchard avocado trees by crawlers of oriental red scale, Aonidiella orientalis (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), originating from artificially infested fruit discarded into an orchard. In a favourable climate, the percentage of crawlers settling on a tree from very heavily infested fruit discarded when crawlers were emerging, from fruit with a long shelf life, and from fruit discarded near a tree, was low. Infestation was higher when fruit was in contact with the tree than when it was placed 2 m away. It is concluded that establishment via the pathway of commercially produced fruit for consumption is low, because such fruit has not been observed to be as heavily infested, and is not as likely to be discarded in an orchard as was the study fruit. A second part of the study investigated if fruit handlers could become infested with crawlers and be a pathway for establishment. Fruit handlers did receive a low percentage of crawlers on their clothes when they engaged in brushing crawlers from heavily (>5000 crawlers per fruit) infested fruit in the laboratory. Importantly, the pathway from the handlers' clothes to trees in an orchard has not been demonstrated. Good sanitation and safeguarding practices in the packing houses and the orchards can further ensure the prevention of armored scale introduction via the commodity intended for human consumption.
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