We describe the oldest Paucituberculata marsupials, from the La Barda and Las Flores localities (Argentina; Late Palaeocene, and Early-Middle Eocene), as well as from the Itaboraí Basin (Brazil; Late Palaeocene). The new taxa are represented by very scarce, although well-preserved, dental remains. A parsimony analysis was performed in order to evaluate the phylogenetic affinities of these taxa. Representatives of both Riolestes capricornicus gen. et sp. nov. and Bardalestes hunco gen. et sp. nov. appear to be basal paucituberculatans, and their molar features give clues on the early evolution of the representatives of this order. Within the Paucituberculata we recognize two major clades: Caenolestoidea and Palaeothentoidea. We conclude that 'pseudodiprotodont' marsupials of the traditional literature (i.e. Polydolopimorphia + Paucituberculata) do not form a natural group.
Resumen. En este trabajo se encara la revisión sistemática de dos órdenes de Metatheria (Mammalia) sudamericanos de la Edad Colhuehuapense (Mioceno temprano): Microbiotheria y Polydolopimorphia. En primer lugar, se comentan y discuten las homologías de las cúspides de los molares superiores e inferiores de los Argyrolagoidea (Polydolopimorphia). En segundo lugar, se ofrecen los resultados de un análisis filogenético de los Microbiotheriidae (Microbiotheria). En tercer lugar, se analizan los taxones colhuehuapenses de Microbiotheria y Polydolopimorphia, reconociéndose dos especies nuevas:
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