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The methods available for the determination of the botanical composition of grasslands are reviewed with reference to a range of objectives for which such a study may be carried out. Studies at the global, national/regional, farm, paddock and patch scale are discussed. While it is possible using GIS to scale up from detailed studies, it is not yet possible to scale down from global to detailed studies. Sampling strategies and sampling methods are described, including the determination of quadrat size. The use of transects and point quadrats is also discussed. Sections are provided on the properties of grassland vegetation, patterns, diversity and species richness, ground cover, plant density, presence/absence data, and the analysis of seed banks.

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