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Behavioral effects of the acidic phospholipid phosphatidylserine (PS) were studied in rats after perinatal (prenatal or neonatal) administration. PS was administered to pregnant rats from day 5 of pregnancy. PS liposomes were also injected i.p. to offspring from postnatal days 1-5. PS-treated rats showed a more precocious onset of neonatal behaviors, and a significant improvement in acquiring avoidance responses when tested at 60 days of age. Behavioral effects of PS may be related to a possible influence on dendritic arborization during perinatal period.