This paper presents theoretical investigation on explanation of the mass defect estimating a new value for the proton mass inside the nucleus in the presence of the gravitational potential, the work has been done by using a new theory called the generalized special relativity (GSR)

A relation of the Josephson current density equation is successfully derived; this is done through a new derivation of the equation of quantum by neglecting kinetic Newtonian term in the energy expression.

Einstein relativity theory shows its high capability of promoting itself to solve the long stand physical problems. The so-called generalized special relativity (GSR) was derived later, using the beautiful Einstein relation between field and space-time curvature. In this work we re-derive (GSR) expression of time by incorporating the field effect in it, and by using mirror clock and Lorentz transformations. This expression reduces to that of (GSR) the previous conventional one, besides reducing to special relativistic expression. It also shows that the speed of light is constant inside the field and is equal to C. This means that the observed decrease of light in matter and field is attributed to the strong interaction of photons with particles and mediates which causes successive absorption and reemission processes that lead to time delay. This absorption process makes some particles appear to move faster than light within the field or medium. This new expression, unlike that of GSR, can describe time and coordinate relativistic expressions for strong as well as weak fields at constant acceleration.

Solar cells were fabricated from (Muscovite/TiO 2 / Dye/Al), the effect of temperature, concentration and light intensity on the electrical properties of (Muscovite/TiO 2 /Dye/Al) was studied. The relationship between current and voltage was found to be algorism, which is in agreement with the ordinary relation for solar cells. When dye concentration was increased the conductivity, fill factor and efficiency were also increased. This result is found to be in conformity with the theoretical relations. The small energy gaps for their samples show that they are semiconductors. The maximum efficiency obtained is 33.2%.

Using the equation of motion expression in a curved space proper time is a useful method to explain the relation between the curvature of space-time and the potential of any field obtained. Taking into account the expression for the Hamiltonian density, the effect of fields, as well as the effect of motion, on the mass, and, their effect on energy is found. The new expression of energy reduced to the ordinary Newton's energy expression. It also explains the gravitational red shift.